lab: multi-line answer boxes, one sheet per student

The fill-in fields put the label on its own line with dotted lines to write
on. handout.tex takes \studentnum and \studenthex; build-class.py compiles
one copy per student with the prefix filled in, checks each is two pages
and joins them for double-sided printing.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.claude/launch.json

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "version": "0.0.1",
+  "configurations": [
+    {
+      "name": "slides",
+      "runtimeExecutable": "python3",
+      "runtimeArgs": ["slides/serve.py", "8765"],
+      "port": 8765
+    }
+  ]
+}

.dockerignore

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target
+.git

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1,5 @@
 /target
+__pycache__/
+slides/reveal.js/
+slides/dist/
+.DS_Store

Cargo.toml

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ bgp-packet = { path = "crates/packet" }
 bgp-primitives = { path = "crates/primitives" }
 bgp-rib = { path = "crates/rib" }
 bgp-server = { path = "crates/server" }
+bgp-web = { path = "crates/web" }
 bgp-integration-tests = { path = "crates/integration-tests" }
 
 # --- General ---
@@ -39,3 +40,7 @@ protobuf = { package = "protobuf", version = "3.7.2" }
 protobuf-codegen = { package = "protobuf-codegen", version = "3.7.2" }
 clap = { version = "4.5.53", features = ["derive"] }
 futures = "0.3"
+libc = "0.2"
+axum = "0.8.9"
+tokio-stream = { version = "0.1.19", features = ["sync"] }
+reqwest = { version = "0.13.5", default-features = false, features = ["json"] }

Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Builds the ferrix_bgp daemon for the lab. See docs/lab/README.md.
+FROM rust:1.92-bookworm AS build
+WORKDIR /src
+COPY . .
+RUN cargo build --release -p bgp
+
+FROM debian:bookworm-slim
+COPY --from=build /src/target/release/bgp /usr/local/bin/bgp
+ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/bgp"]
+CMD ["/etc/ferrix/server.textpb", "--level", "info"]

README.md

@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ We aim for the 1.0 release to be functional and stable to operate peering sessio
     - ✅ Capabilities from RFC4271
   - ✅ Update message
   - ☐ Notification message
-- ☐ Implement scaffolding required to start and configure a server
-- ☐ Implement connection logic to establish sessions with peers
+- ✅ Implement scaffolding required to start and configure a server
+- ✅ Implement connection logic to establish sessions with peers (passive and active)
+- ✅ Locally originated routes with communities, announced to all peers
+- ✅ HTTP API, live status page and Prometheus metrics
 - ☐ Implement an efficient data structure for storing prefixes (e.g. Poptrie)
 - ☐ Filtering for peer RIB in / out
 - ☐ Main / auxillary RIBs for exchanging routes between peers

bin/bgp/Cargo.toml

@@ -7,5 +7,10 @@ name               = "bgp"
 version.workspace  = true
 
 [dependencies]
-eyre.workspace  = true
-tokio.workspace = true
+bgp-server.workspace = true
+bgp-web.workspace    = true
+clap.workspace       = true
+eyre.workspace       = true
+protobuf.workspace   = true
+tokio.workspace      = true
+tracing.workspace    = true

bin/bgp/README.md

@@ -1,9 +1,63 @@
 # BGP
 
-This crate provides a binary which runs the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).
+This crate provides the `bgp` binary which runs the Border Gateway Protocol
+daemon together with its HTTP API.
 
-Please refer to the other implementation crates part of this repository where most of the actual implemntation lives.
+```
+cargo run -- path/to/config.textpb
+```
 
-Warning: This is still very much a work in progress and is not yet ready for use.
+The configuration format is defined in `crates/server/proto/config.proto`;
+`testdata/server.textpb` is a worked example. When `http_endpoint` is set the
+binary also serves:
 
-The main ongoing work is happening currently in the BGP packet crate.
+| Path | Purpose |
+|---|---|
+| `GET /statusz` | Status page: peers, announce form, local and received routes, live event log |
+| `GET /api/status` | Router ID, ASN, uptime and table sizes |
+| `GET /api/peers` | Established sessions |
+| `GET /api/routes/local` | Locally originated routes |
+| `POST /api/routes/local` | Announce a route (JSON body, see below) |
+| `DELETE /api/routes/local` | Withdraw a route (JSON body: `prefix`, optional `owner`) |
+| `GET /api/routes/local/wire?prefix=…` | The exact UPDATE bytes sent to each peer |
+| `GET /api/routes/received` | Adj-RIB-In contents |
+| `GET /api/communities/well-known` | Names accepted in place of numeric communities |
+| `GET /api/events` | Server-sent events for session and route changes |
+| `GET /metricz` | Prometheus metrics |
+
+Announce body:
+
+```json
+{
+  "prefix": "10.100.1.0/24",
+  "owner": "alice",
+  "origin": "IGP",
+  "prepend": 2,
+  "med": 100,
+  "communities": ["65000:100", "NO_EXPORT"],
+  "large_communities": ["65000:1:2"]
+}
+```
+
+Only `prefix` and `owner` are required. Routes are subject to the
+`local_route_policy` in the configuration.
+
+## Trying it without a router
+
+`fake_peer` is a minimal BGP speaker that connects to the daemon, announces a
+prefix, prints every UPDATE it receives and, with `--echo`, re-announces each
+received prefix back with its own ASN prepended (dropping NO_EXPORT routes).
+That makes locally announced prefixes show up in the received table as if
+they had travelled through a neighbouring AS:
+
+```
+cargo run -- testdata/server.textpb
+cargo run -p bgp-integration-tests --example fake_peer -- \
+    --server 127.0.0.1:179 --asn 65001 --announce 203.0.113.0/24 --echo
+```
+
+Please refer to the other implementation crates in this repository where most
+of the actual implementation lives.
+
+Warning: This is still very much a work in progress and is not yet ready for
+production use.

bin/bgp/src/main.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,96 @@
-use eyre::Result;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use bgp_server::config::Config;
+use bgp_server::ping::PingMonitor;
+use bgp_server::proto::config::BgpConfig;
+use bgp_server::server::BgpServerBuilder;
+use bgp_server::tracing::TracingArgs;
+use bgp_web::{AppState, RouterInfo};
+use clap::Parser;
+use eyre::{Context, Result};
+use tracing::{error, info, warn};
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+struct ServerArgs {
+    /// Path to the textproto configuration file.
+    config: String,
+
+    #[command(flatten)]
+    tracing: TracingArgs,
+}
 
 #[tokio::main]
-pub async fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    todo!("Implement the server");
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let args = ServerArgs::parse();
+    args.tracing.install()?;
+
+    let config_string =
+        std::fs::read_to_string(&args.config).wrap_err("Failed to open config file")?;
+    let proto_config = protobuf::text_format::parse_from_str::<BgpConfig>(&config_string)
+        .wrap_err("Failed to parse config file")?;
+    let config = Config::from_proto(proto_config).wrap_err("Invalid configuration")?;
+
+    let server = BgpServerBuilder::new(config).bind().await?;
+
+    let pings = match &server.config().ping_monitor {
+        Some(prefixes) => PingMonitor::start(prefixes.clone(), server.local_rib.clone()),
+        None => PingMonitor::disabled(),
+    };
+
+    if let Some(http_endpoint) = server.config().http_endpoint {
+        let state = AppState {
+            info: Arc::new(
+                RouterInfo::new(
+                    server.config().router_id,
+                    server.config().local_asn,
+                    env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
+                )
+                .with_config(&args.config, &config_string),
+            ),
+            registry: server.registry.clone(),
+            local_rib: server.local_rib.clone(),
+            adj_rib_in: server.adj_rib_in.clone(),
+            pings,
+        };
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            if let Err(e) = bgp_web::serve(state, http_endpoint).await {
+                error!(err = %e, "HTTP server exited");
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    // Leave politely: tell every peer we are going (Cease / Administrative
+    // Shutdown) rather than letting them find a dead TCP connection, which
+    // makes them slower to take us back.
+    let registry = server.registry.clone();
+    tokio::select! {
+        result = server.run() => result,
+        signal = shutdown_signal() => {
+            info!(signal, "Shutting down, closing BGP sessions");
+            let left = registry.shutdown(Duration::from_secs(2)).await;
+            if left > 0 {
+                warn!(sessions = left, "Some sessions did not close in time");
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolves with the name of the first termination signal received.
+async fn shutdown_signal() -> &'static str {
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        use tokio::signal::unix::{SignalKind, signal};
+        let mut term = signal(SignalKind::terminate()).expect("install SIGTERM handler");
+        tokio::select! {
+            _ = tokio::signal::ctrl_c() => "SIGINT",
+            _ = term.recv() => "SIGTERM",
+        }
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    {
+        let _ = tokio::signal::ctrl_c().await;
+        "ctrl-c"
+    }
 }

crates/integration-tests/Cargo.toml

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ bgp-packet.workspace = true
 bgp-primitives.workspace = true
 bgp-rib.workspace = true
 bgp-server.workspace = true
+bgp-web.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true
+clap.workspace = true
 eyre.workspace = true
+reqwest.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true

crates/integration-tests/examples/fake_peer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+//! A minimal stand-in for a lab router: connects to a ferrix_bgp instance,
+//! completes the handshake, optionally announces some prefixes, and prints
+//! every UPDATE it receives. Useful for demos when no real router is around.
+//!
+//!     cargo run -p bgp-integration-tests --example fake_peer -- \
+//!         --server 127.0.0.1:1790 --asn 65001 --announce 203.0.113.0/24
+//!
+//! With `--echo`, every prefix received is re-announced back to the server
+//! with this peer's ASN prepended, which lets a single ferrix instance show
+//! its own routes "coming back" in the received table.
+//!
+//! With `--listen ADDR` it instead waits for the server to dial it (one
+//! connection at a time), which exercises the server's active side.
+
+use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use bgp_integration_tests::test_peer::TestPeer;
+use bgp_packet::message::{
+    AsPathAttribute, CommunitiesPathAttribute, Message, NextHopPathAttribute, OriginPathAttribute,
+    PathAttribute, UpdateMessage,
+};
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
+use clap::Parser;
+use eyre::Result;
+use tokio::net::TcpListener;
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+struct Args {
+    /// Address of the ferrix_bgp listener to connect to.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "127.0.0.1:1790", conflicts_with = "listen")]
+    server: String,
+    /// Instead of connecting, listen here and accept connections from the
+    /// server, one at a time, forever.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    listen: Option<String>,
+    /// ASN this peer speaks as.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 65001)]
+    asn: u32,
+    /// Router ID to send in OPEN.
+    #[arg(long, default_value = "10.0.0.2")]
+    router_id: Ipv4Addr,
+    /// Hold time to negotiate.
+    #[arg(long, default_value_t = 30)]
+    hold_time: u16,
+    /// Prefixes to announce after the session is established.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    announce: Vec<String>,
+    /// Re-announce every received prefix back to the server, with our ASN
+    /// prepended and NO_EXPORT-tagged routes dropped.
+    #[arg(long)]
+    echo: bool,
+}
+
+const NO_EXPORT: (u16, u16) = (0xFFFF, 0xFF01);
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> Result<()> {
+    let args = Args::parse();
+    match &args.listen {
+        Some(listen) => {
+            let listener = TcpListener::bind(listen).await?;
+            println!("listening on {}", listener.local_addr()?);
+            loop {
+                let (stream, from) = listener.accept().await?;
+                println!("accepted connection from {from}");
+                if let Err(e) = run(&args, TestPeer::from_stream(stream), from).await {
+                    println!("session ended: {e}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        None => {
+            let addr = args.server.parse()?;
+            run(&args, TestPeer::connect(addr).await?, addr).await
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn run(args: &Args, mut peer: TestPeer, addr: std::net::SocketAddr) -> Result<()> {
+    let open = peer.handshake(args.asn, args.router_id, args.hold_time).await?;
+    println!("established with {} (AS{} router-id {})", addr, open.asn, open.identifier);
+
+    for p in &args.announce {
+        let prefix = IpPrefix::try_from(p.as_str())?;
+        let update = announce(prefix.clone(), vec![args.asn], vec![(args.asn as u16, 1)]);
+        peer.send(&Message::Update(update)).await?;
+        println!("announced {prefix}");
+    }
+
+    let keepalive = Duration::from_secs((args.hold_time / 3).max(1) as u64);
+    let mut ticker = tokio::time::interval(keepalive);
+    loop {
+        tokio::select! {
+            _ = ticker.tick() => peer.send(&Message::KeepAlive).await?,
+            msg = peer.recv() => match msg? {
+                Message::KeepAlive => {}
+                Message::Update(u) => {
+                    for w in &u.withdrawn_routes {
+                        println!("WITHDRAW {w}");
+                    }
+                    for a in &u.announced_routes {
+                        println!("UPDATE {a} attrs={:?}", u.path_attributes);
+                    }
+                    if args.echo {
+                        echo_back(&mut peer, &u, args.asn).await?;
+                    }
+                }
+                Message::Notification(n) => {
+                    println!("NOTIFICATION {}; session over", n.error);
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+                other => println!("unexpected {other:?}"),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn announce(prefix: IpPrefix, as_path: Vec<u32>, communities: Vec<(u16, u16)>) -> UpdateMessage {
+    let mut path_attributes = vec![
+        PathAttribute::Origin(OriginPathAttribute::IGP),
+        AsPathAttribute::from_asns(as_path),
+        PathAttribute::NextHop(NextHopPathAttribute(Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 2))),
+    ];
+    if !communities.is_empty() {
+        path_attributes.push(PathAttribute::Communities(CommunitiesPathAttribute(communities)));
+    }
+    UpdateMessage { withdrawn_routes: vec![], path_attributes, announced_routes: vec![prefix] }
+}
+
+async fn echo_back(peer: &mut TestPeer, u: &UpdateMessage, asn: u32) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut as_path = vec![asn];
+    let mut communities = vec![];
+    for attr in &u.path_attributes {
+        match attr {
+            PathAttribute::AsPath(p) => as_path.extend(p.segments.iter().flat_map(|s| s.path.iter().copied())),
+            PathAttribute::Communities(c) => communities = c.0.clone(),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    if communities.contains(&NO_EXPORT) {
+        println!("  not echoing: NO_EXPORT");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    for prefix in &u.announced_routes {
+        peer.send(&Message::Update(announce(prefix.clone(), as_path.clone(), communities.clone()))).await?;
+        println!("  echoed {prefix} back with path {as_path:?}");
+    }
+    if !u.withdrawn_routes.is_empty() {
+        peer.send(&Message::Update(UpdateMessage {
+            withdrawn_routes: u.withdrawn_routes.clone(),
+            path_attributes: vec![],
+            announced_routes: vec![],
+        }))
+        .await?;
+        println!("  echoed withdraw of {:?}", u.withdrawn_routes.iter().map(|p| p.to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/integration-tests/src/test_peer.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
 
-use bgp_packet::message::{BGP_HEADER_LEN, Message};
+use bgp_packet::message::{BGP_HEADER_LEN, Message, UpdateMessage};
 use bgp_packet::open::{Capability, OpenMessage, OpenOption};
 use bgp_primitives::constants::{AddressFamilyId, SubsequentAfi};
 use bgp_primitives::parser::ParserContext;
@@ -19,7 +19,13 @@ pub struct TestPeer {
 impl TestPeer {
     pub async fn connect(addr: SocketAddr) -> Result<Self> {
         let stream = TcpStream::connect(addr).await?;
-        Ok(Self { stream, ctx: ParserContext::default() })
+        Ok(Self::from_stream(stream))
+    }
+
+    /// Wraps an already-connected stream, e.g. one accepted from a server
+    /// that dialled us.
+    pub fn from_stream(stream: TcpStream) -> Self {
+        Self { stream, ctx: ParserContext::default() }
     }
 
     /// Send a BGP message.
@@ -49,6 +55,18 @@ impl TestPeer {
         Ok(msg)
     }
 
+    /// Read messages until an UPDATE arrives, skipping KEEPALIVEs. Any other
+    /// message type is an error.
+    pub async fn recv_update(&mut self) -> Result<UpdateMessage> {
+        loop {
+            match self.recv().await? {
+                Message::Update(u) => return Ok(u),
+                Message::KeepAlive => {}
+                other => bail!("Expected UPDATE, got {:?}", other),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Receive and unwrap as `OpenMessage`, failing if a different type arrives.
     pub async fn recv_open(&mut self) -> Result<OpenMessage> {
         match self.recv().await? {

crates/integration-tests/src/test_server.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
 
-use bgp_rib::AdjRibIn;
+use bgp_rib::{AdjRibIn, LocalRib, LocalRibPolicy};
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
 use bgp_server::config::Config;
+use bgp_server::ping::PingMonitor;
 use bgp_server::server::BgpServerBuilder;
+use bgp_server::session::SessionRegistry;
+use bgp_web::{AppState, RouterInfo};
 use eyre::Result;
+use tokio::net::TcpListener;
 use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
 
 /// A BGP server started on an ephemeral port for testing.
@@ -14,6 +19,14 @@ pub struct TestServer {
     pub addr: SocketAddr,
     /// Handle to the server's Adj-RIB-In for test introspection.
     pub adj_rib_in: AdjRibIn,
+    /// Handle to the server's locally originated routes.
+    pub local_rib: LocalRib,
+    /// Live view of the server's established sessions.
+    pub registry: SessionRegistry,
+    /// Ping monitor without a socket, watching 2001:db8::/32; tests feed it
+    /// through `record`.
+    pub pings: PingMonitor,
+    pub local_asn: u32,
 }
 
 impl TestServer {
@@ -24,17 +37,38 @@ impl TestServer {
 
     /// Start a server with an explicit hold time (useful for timer tests).
     pub async fn start_with_hold_time(local_asn: u32, hold_time_secs: u16) -> Result<Self> {
-        Self::start_inner(local_asn, hold_time_secs).await
+        Self::start_inner(local_asn, hold_time_secs, LocalRibPolicy::default()).await
     }
 
-    async fn start_inner(local_asn: u32, hold_time_secs: u16) -> Result<Self> {
-        let config = Config {
+    /// Start a server with a policy restricting locally originated routes.
+    pub async fn start_with_policy(local_asn: u32, policy: LocalRibPolicy) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::start_inner(local_asn, 90, policy).await
+    }
+
+    async fn start_inner(local_asn: u32, hold_time_secs: u16, policy: LocalRibPolicy) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::start_with(local_asn, |c| {
+            c.hold_time_secs = hold_time_secs;
+            c.local_route_policy = policy;
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+
+    /// Start a server after letting `customize` edit the default test config
+    /// (e.g. to add configured peers).
+    pub async fn start_with(local_asn: u32, customize: impl FnOnce(&mut Config)) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut config = Config {
             router_id: Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 1),
             local_asn,
-            hold_time_secs,
+            hold_time_secs: 90,
             listen_endpoints: vec![SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST), 0)],
             peers: vec![],
+            connect_retry: std::time::Duration::from_secs(5),
+            collision_detect_established_state: false,
+            local_route_policy: LocalRibPolicy::default(),
+            http_endpoint: None,
+            ping_monitor: None,
         };
+        customize(&mut config);
 
         let bound = BgpServerBuilder::new(config).bind().await?;
         let addr = bound
@@ -43,9 +77,49 @@ impl TestServer {
             .next()
             .expect("at least one listener");
         let adj_rib_in = bound.adj_rib_in.clone();
+        let local_rib = bound.local_rib.clone();
+        let registry = bound.registry.clone();
+
+        let pings = PingMonitor::without_socket(
+            vec![IpPrefix::try_from("2001:db8::/32").expect("valid prefix")],
+            Some(local_rib.clone()),
+        );
 
         let handle = tokio::spawn(bound.run());
-        Ok(Self { handle, addr, adj_rib_in })
+        Ok(Self { handle, addr, adj_rib_in, local_rib, registry, pings, local_asn })
+    }
+}
+
+impl TestServer {
+    /// Starts the HTTP API on an ephemeral loopback port and returns its
+    /// base URL (e.g. `http://127.0.0.1:12345`). The API task is aborted
+    /// when the returned guard drops.
+    pub async fn serve_http(&self) -> Result<(String, HttpGuard)> {
+        let listener = TcpListener::bind((Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST, 0)).await?;
+        let base_url = format!("http://{}", listener.local_addr()?);
+        let state = AppState {
+            info: std::sync::Arc::new(
+                RouterInfo::new(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 1), self.local_asn, "test")
+                    .with_config("test.textpb", format!("local_asn: {}\n", self.local_asn)),
+            ),
+            registry: self.registry.clone(),
+            local_rib: self.local_rib.clone(),
+            adj_rib_in: self.adj_rib_in.clone(),
+            pings: self.pings.clone(),
+        };
+        let handle = tokio::spawn(bgp_web::serve_on(state, listener));
+        Ok((base_url, HttpGuard { handle }))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Aborts the HTTP API task when dropped.
+pub struct HttpGuard {
+    handle: JoinHandle<Result<()>>,
+}
+
+impl Drop for HttpGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.handle.abort();
     }
 }
 

crates/integration-tests/tests/announce.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+//! End-to-end tests for locally originated routes: announcing via the
+//! `LocalRib` handle must produce UPDATEs on every established session.
+
+use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use bgp_integration_tests::test_peer::TestPeer;
+use bgp_integration_tests::test_server::TestServer;
+use bgp_packet::message::{
+    AsPathAttribute, CommunitiesPathAttribute, LargeCommunitiesPathAttribute, LargeCommunity,
+    NextHopPathAttribute, OriginPathAttribute, PathAttribute, UpdateMessage,
+};
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
+use bgp_rib::{LocalRibError, LocalRibPolicy, LocalRoute, LocalRouteAttrs};
+use bgp_server::session::SessionEvent;
+use eyre::Result;
+
+const LOCAL_ASN: u32 = 65000;
+const PEER_ASN: u32 = 65001;
+const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
+
+fn prefix(s: &str) -> IpPrefix {
+    IpPrefix::try_from(s).unwrap()
+}
+
+fn route(p: &str, attrs: LocalRouteAttrs) -> LocalRoute {
+    LocalRoute::new(prefix(p), "alice", attrs)
+}
+
+async fn established_peer(server: &TestServer) -> Result<TestPeer> {
+    established_peer_with_id(server, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 1)).await
+}
+
+/// Distinct routers need distinct BGP Identifiers, or the second connection
+/// is (correctly) treated as a collision with the first.
+async fn established_peer_with_id(server: &TestServer, router_id: Ipv4Addr) -> Result<TestPeer> {
+    let mut peer = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    peer.handshake(PEER_ASN, router_id, 90).await?;
+    Ok(peer)
+}
+
+async fn next_update(peer: &mut TestPeer) -> Result<UpdateMessage> {
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, peer.recv_update()).await?
+}
+
+/// Waits until the registry reports `n` established sessions.
+async fn wait_for_sessions(server: &TestServer, n: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        while server.registry.list().len() != n {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Session registry
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_registry_tracks_session_lifecycle() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let mut events = server.registry.subscribe();
+    assert!(server.registry.list().is_empty());
+
+    let peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+
+    let up = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, events.recv()).await??;
+    let SessionEvent::Up(handle) = up else { panic!("expected Up, got {up:?}") };
+    assert_eq!(handle.peer.asn, PEER_ASN);
+    assert_eq!(handle.local_addr, server.addr);
+    assert!(handle.four_octet_asn);
+    assert_eq!(server.registry.list().len(), 1);
+
+    drop(peer);
+
+    let down = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, events.recv()).await??;
+    assert!(matches!(down, SessionEvent::Down(p) if p == handle.peer), "got {down:?}");
+    assert!(server.registry.list().is_empty());
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Announce / withdraw
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// A route announced while the session is up is sent immediately, with the
+/// attributes the announcer chose and our address as the next hop.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_announce_after_session_up() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let mut peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+
+    server
+        .local_rib
+        .announce(route(
+            "10.100.1.0/24",
+            LocalRouteAttrs {
+                origin: OriginPathAttribute::IGP,
+                prepend: 0,
+                med: None,
+                communities: vec![(65000, 100), (65535, 65281)],
+                large_communities: vec![LargeCommunity { global_admin: 65000, data_1: 7, data_2: 8 }],
+            },
+        ))
+        .await?;
+
+    let update = next_update(&mut peer).await?;
+    assert_eq!(update.announced_routes, vec![prefix("10.100.1.0/24")]);
+    assert!(update.withdrawn_routes.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(
+        update.path_attributes,
+        vec![
+            PathAttribute::Origin(OriginPathAttribute::IGP),
+            AsPathAttribute::from_asns(vec![LOCAL_ASN]),
+            PathAttribute::NextHop(NextHopPathAttribute(Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST)),
+            PathAttribute::Communities(CommunitiesPathAttribute(vec![(65000, 100), (65535, 65281)])),
+            PathAttribute::LargeCommunities(LargeCommunitiesPathAttribute {
+                communities: vec![LargeCommunity { global_admin: 65000, data_1: 7, data_2: 8 }],
+            }),
+        ]
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Routes announced before any session exists are replayed when a session
+/// reaches Established.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_routes_replayed_on_session_up() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    server.local_rib.announce(route("10.100.1.0/24", LocalRouteAttrs::default())).await?;
+    server.local_rib.announce(route("10.100.2.0/24", LocalRouteAttrs::default())).await?;
+
+    let mut peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+
+    let mut seen = vec![next_update(&mut peer).await?, next_update(&mut peer).await?]
+        .into_iter()
+        .flat_map(|u| u.announced_routes)
+        .map(|p| p.to_string())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    seen.sort();
+    assert_eq!(seen, vec!["10.100.1.0/24", "10.100.2.0/24"]);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// An announcement is fanned out to every established session.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_announce_reaches_all_sessions() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let mut a = established_peer_with_id(&server, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 1)).await?;
+    let mut b = established_peer_with_id(&server, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 2)).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 2).await?;
+
+    server.local_rib.announce(route("10.100.1.0/24", LocalRouteAttrs::default())).await?;
+
+    for peer in [&mut a, &mut b] {
+        let update = next_update(peer).await?;
+        assert_eq!(update.announced_routes, vec![prefix("10.100.1.0/24")]);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_withdraw_sends_withdrawn_route() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let mut peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+
+    server.local_rib.announce(route("10.100.1.0/24", LocalRouteAttrs::default())).await?;
+    let _ = next_update(&mut peer).await?;
+
+    server.local_rib.withdraw(prefix("10.100.1.0/24"), Some("alice")).await?;
+    let update = next_update(&mut peer).await?;
+    assert_eq!(update.withdrawn_routes, vec![prefix("10.100.1.0/24")]);
+    assert!(update.announced_routes.is_empty());
+    assert!(update.path_attributes.is_empty());
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Re-announcing with new attributes sends a fresh UPDATE (implicit replace).
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_reannounce_with_prepend_and_med() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let mut peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+
+    server.local_rib.announce(route("10.100.1.0/24", LocalRouteAttrs::default())).await?;
+    let first = next_update(&mut peer).await?;
+    assert_eq!(first.path_attributes[1], AsPathAttribute::from_asns(vec![LOCAL_ASN]));
+
+    server
+        .local_rib
+        .announce(route(
+            "10.100.1.0/24",
+            LocalRouteAttrs { prepend: 3, med: Some(42), ..LocalRouteAttrs::default() },
+        ))
+        .await?;
+    let second = next_update(&mut peer).await?;
+    assert_eq!(second.announced_routes, vec![prefix("10.100.1.0/24")]);
+    assert_eq!(second.path_attributes[1], AsPathAttribute::from_asns(vec![LOCAL_ASN; 4]));
+    assert!(second
+        .path_attributes
+        .iter()
+        .any(|a| matches!(a, PathAttribute::MultiExitDisc(m) if m.0 == 42)));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// The session stays healthy (keepalives keep flowing) while UPDATEs are sent.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_keepalives_continue_alongside_updates() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start_with_hold_time(LOCAL_ASN, 3).await?;
+    let mut peer = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    peer.handshake(PEER_ASN, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 1), 3).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+
+    server.local_rib.announce(route("10.100.1.0/24", LocalRouteAttrs::default())).await?;
+
+    let mut saw_update = false;
+    let mut saw_keepalive = false;
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        while !(saw_update && saw_keepalive) {
+            match peer.recv().await? {
+                bgp_packet::message::Message::Update(_) => saw_update = true,
+                bgp_packet::message::Message::KeepAlive => saw_keepalive = true,
+                other => eyre::bail!("unexpected {other:?}"),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok::<_, eyre::Error>(())
+    })
+    .await??;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Routes learned from a peer disappear from the Adj-RIB-In when its
+/// session ends, with a Withdrawn event for each.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_received_routes_removed_when_session_closes() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let mut rib_events = server.adj_rib_in.subscribe();
+    let mut session_events = server.registry.subscribe();
+    let mut peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+
+    peer.send(&bgp_packet::message::Message::Update(bgp_packet::message::UpdateMessage {
+        withdrawn_routes: vec![],
+        path_attributes: vec![
+            PathAttribute::Origin(OriginPathAttribute::IGP),
+            AsPathAttribute::from_asns(vec![PEER_ASN]),
+            PathAttribute::NextHop(NextHopPathAttribute(Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 1))),
+        ],
+        announced_routes: vec![prefix("203.0.113.0/24"), prefix("198.51.100.0/24")],
+    }))
+    .await?;
+    for _ in 0..2 {
+        let ev = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, rib_events.recv()).await??;
+        assert!(matches!(ev, bgp_rib::RibEvent::Announced { .. }), "{ev:?}");
+    }
+    assert_eq!(server.adj_rib_in.snapshot().await.len(), 2);
+
+    drop(peer);
+
+    let mut withdrawn = vec![];
+    for _ in 0..2 {
+        match tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, rib_events.recv()).await?? {
+            bgp_rib::RibEvent::Withdrawn { prefix, .. } => withdrawn.push(prefix.to_string()),
+            other => panic!("expected Withdrawn, got {other:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+    withdrawn.sort();
+    assert_eq!(withdrawn, vec!["198.51.100.0/24", "203.0.113.0/24"]);
+    assert!(server.adj_rib_in.snapshot().await.is_empty());
+
+    // Withdrawals precede the Down event.
+    let _up = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, session_events.recv()).await??;
+    let down = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, session_events.recv()).await??;
+    assert!(matches!(down, SessionEvent::Down(_)), "{down:?}");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Route refresh and shutdown
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// ROUTE-REFRESH for IPv4 unicast exactly as a router sends it (RFC 2918):
+/// 19-byte header plus AFI, reserved, SAFI.
+#[rustfmt::skip]
+const ROUTE_REFRESH_IPV4: &[u8] = &[
+    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+    0x00, 0x17, 0x05,
+    0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01,
+];
+
+/// A peer whose import policy changed asks for our routes again; it must get
+/// every local route re-sent, and the session must stay up.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_route_refresh_resends_local_routes() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let mut peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+
+    server.local_rib.announce(route("10.100.1.0/24", LocalRouteAttrs::default())).await?;
+    server.local_rib.announce(route("10.100.2.0/24", LocalRouteAttrs::default())).await?;
+    let _ = next_update(&mut peer).await?;
+    let _ = next_update(&mut peer).await?;
+
+    peer.send_raw(ROUTE_REFRESH_IPV4).await?;
+
+    let mut resent = vec![next_update(&mut peer).await?, next_update(&mut peer).await?]
+        .into_iter()
+        .flat_map(|u| u.announced_routes)
+        .map(|p| p.to_string())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    resent.sort();
+    assert_eq!(resent, vec!["10.100.1.0/24", "10.100.2.0/24"]);
+    assert_eq!(server.registry.list().len(), 1, "session must survive a route refresh");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Shutting down tells each peer why (Cease / Administrative Shutdown) and
+/// closes the sessions, instead of leaving dead TCP connections behind.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_shutdown_sends_cease_to_every_peer() -> Result<()> {
+    use bgp_packet::errors::{BgpError, CeaseSubcode};
+    use bgp_packet::message::Message;
+
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let mut a = established_peer_with_id(&server, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 1)).await?;
+    let mut b = established_peer_with_id(&server, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 2)).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 2).await?;
+
+    let left = server.registry.shutdown(Duration::from_secs(2)).await;
+    assert_eq!(left, 0, "sessions still open after shutdown");
+    assert!(server.registry.is_shutting_down());
+
+    for peer in [&mut a, &mut b] {
+        let notif = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+            loop {
+                match peer.recv().await? {
+                    Message::Notification(n) => return Ok::<_, eyre::Error>(n),
+                    Message::KeepAlive => {}
+                    other => eyre::bail!("unexpected {other:?}"),
+                }
+            }
+        })
+        .await??;
+        assert!(matches!(notif.error, BgpError::Cease(CeaseSubcode::AdminShutdown)), "{notif:?}");
+        assert!(peer.is_closed().await);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Policy
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_policy_rejects_prefix_outside_allowlist() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start_with_policy(
+        LOCAL_ASN,
+        LocalRibPolicy { allowed_prefixes: vec![prefix("10.100.0.0/16")], max_routes_per_owner: 2 },
+    )
+    .await?;
+    let mut peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+
+    let err = server
+        .local_rib
+        .announce(route("192.0.2.0/24", LocalRouteAttrs::default()))
+        .await
+        .unwrap_err();
+    assert_eq!(err, LocalRibError::NotAllowed(prefix("192.0.2.0/24")));
+
+    // An allowed prefix still goes through on the same session.
+    server.local_rib.announce(route("10.100.9.0/24", LocalRouteAttrs::default())).await?;
+    let update = next_update(&mut peer).await?;
+    assert_eq!(update.announced_routes, vec![prefix("10.100.9.0/24")]);
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/integration-tests/tests/collision.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+//! Connection collision detection (RFC 4271 §6.8) against a live server.
+//!
+//! The test server's BGP Identifier is 127.0.0.1. A test peer picks an
+//! identifier above or below that to steer which connection must survive.
+
+use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use bgp_integration_tests::test_peer::TestPeer;
+use bgp_integration_tests::test_server::TestServer;
+use bgp_packet::errors::{BgpError, CeaseSubcode, OpenMsgSubcode};
+use bgp_packet::message::{
+    AsPathAttribute, Message, NextHopPathAttribute, NotificationMessage, OriginPathAttribute,
+    PathAttribute, UpdateMessage,
+};
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
+use bgp_rib::{LocalRoute, LocalRouteAttrs};
+use bgp_server::collision::Direction;
+use bgp_server::config::PeerConfig;
+use eyre::Result;
+use tokio::net::TcpListener;
+
+const LOCAL_ASN: u32 = 65000;
+const PEER_ASN: u32 = 65001;
+const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
+
+/// Above the server's 127.0.0.1.
+const HIGH_ID: Ipv4Addr = Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 1);
+/// Below the server's 127.0.0.1.
+const LOW_ID: Ipv4Addr = Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 1);
+
+async fn server_dialing(listener: &TcpListener) -> Result<TestServer> {
+    let endpoint: SocketAddr = listener.local_addr()?;
+    TestServer::start_with(LOCAL_ASN, |c| {
+        c.connect_retry = Duration::from_millis(200);
+        c.peers = vec![PeerConfig { name: "lab".into(), endpoint, remote_asn: PEER_ASN, hold_time_secs: 90, local_address: None }];
+    })
+    .await
+}
+
+/// Exchanges OPENs only, leaving the server's side in OpenConfirm (it has
+/// sent its KEEPALIVE and is waiting for ours).
+async fn open_only(peer: &mut TestPeer, router_id: Ipv4Addr) -> Result<()> {
+    peer.send_open(PEER_ASN, router_id, 90).await?;
+    peer.recv_open().await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Finishes the handshake begun by [`open_only`].
+async fn confirm(peer: &mut TestPeer) -> Result<()> {
+    match tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, peer.recv()).await?? {
+        Message::KeepAlive => {}
+        other => eyre::bail!("expected KEEPALIVE, got {other:?}"),
+    }
+    peer.send(&Message::KeepAlive).await
+}
+
+/// Reads until a NOTIFICATION arrives, skipping KEEPALIVEs.
+async fn expect_notification(peer: &mut TestPeer) -> Result<NotificationMessage> {
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        loop {
+            match peer.recv().await? {
+                Message::Notification(n) => return Ok(n),
+                Message::KeepAlive => {}
+                other => eyre::bail!("expected NOTIFICATION, got {other:?}"),
+            }
+        }
+    })
+    .await?
+}
+
+fn is_collision_cease(n: &NotificationMessage) -> bool {
+    matches!(n.error, BgpError::Cease(CeaseSubcode::ConnCollisionResolution))
+}
+
+async fn wait_for_sessions(server: &TestServer, n: usize) -> Result<()> {
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        while server.registry.list().len() != n {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Peer has the higher identifier, so the connection the *peer* initiated
+/// must survive: the server closes its own outbound connection.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_simultaneous_open_peer_higher_keeps_inbound() -> Result<()> {
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind((Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST, 0)).await?;
+    let server = server_dialing(&listener).await?;
+
+    // Server's outbound connection reaches OpenConfirm.
+    let (stream, _) = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, listener.accept()).await??;
+    let mut dialled = TestPeer::from_stream(stream);
+    open_only(&mut dialled, HIGH_ID).await?;
+
+    // The peer now also dials the server.
+    let mut inbound = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    open_only(&mut inbound, HIGH_ID).await?;
+
+    let notif = expect_notification(&mut dialled).await?;
+    assert!(is_collision_cease(&notif), "{notif:?}");
+    assert!(dialled.is_closed().await);
+
+    confirm(&mut inbound).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+    let session = server.registry.list().remove(0);
+    assert_eq!(session.direction, Direction::Inbound);
+    assert_eq!(session.name.as_deref(), Some("lab"));
+
+    // The survivor is fully functional.
+    server
+        .local_rib
+        .announce(LocalRoute::new(IpPrefix::try_from("10.100.1.0/24")?, "alice", LocalRouteAttrs::default()))
+        .await?;
+    let update = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, inbound.recv_update()).await??;
+    assert_eq!(update.announced_routes[0].to_string(), "10.100.1.0/24");
+
+    // The dialer notices the surviving session and does not open another.
+    let extra = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_millis(700), listener.accept()).await;
+    assert!(extra.is_err(), "dialer opened a second connection despite an established session");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Peer has the lower identifier, so the connection the *server* initiated
+/// must survive: the peer's inbound connection is refused.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_simultaneous_open_peer_lower_keeps_outbound() -> Result<()> {
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind((Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST, 0)).await?;
+    let server = server_dialing(&listener).await?;
+
+    let (stream, _) = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, listener.accept()).await??;
+    let mut dialled = TestPeer::from_stream(stream);
+    open_only(&mut dialled, LOW_ID).await?;
+
+    let mut inbound = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    open_only(&mut inbound, LOW_ID).await?;
+
+    let notif = expect_notification(&mut inbound).await?;
+    assert!(is_collision_cease(&notif), "{notif:?}");
+    assert!(inbound.is_closed().await);
+
+    confirm(&mut dialled).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+    assert_eq!(server.registry.list()[0].direction, Direction::Outbound);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// The order in which the two OPENs are processed must not change the
+/// outcome: here the inbound connection reaches OpenConfirm first.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_outcome_is_independent_of_arrival_order() -> Result<()> {
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind((Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST, 0)).await?;
+    let server = server_dialing(&listener).await?;
+
+    let (stream, _) = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, listener.accept()).await??;
+    let mut dialled = TestPeer::from_stream(stream);
+
+    // Inbound first this time; peer is lower so outbound must still win.
+    let mut inbound = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    open_only(&mut inbound, LOW_ID).await?;
+    open_only(&mut dialled, LOW_ID).await?;
+
+    let notif = expect_notification(&mut inbound).await?;
+    assert!(is_collision_cease(&notif), "{notif:?}");
+
+    confirm(&mut dialled).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+    assert_eq!(server.registry.list()[0].direction, Direction::Outbound);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// RFC default: a collision with an Established session closes the new
+/// connection, whatever the identifiers say.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_established_session_wins_by_default() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+
+    let mut first = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    first.handshake(PEER_ASN, HIGH_ID, 90).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+
+    let mut second = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    open_only(&mut second, HIGH_ID).await?;
+    let notif = expect_notification(&mut second).await?;
+    assert!(is_collision_cease(&notif), "{notif:?}");
+
+    // The original is untouched.
+    assert_eq!(server.registry.list().len(), 1);
+    server
+        .local_rib
+        .announce(LocalRoute::new(IpPrefix::try_from("10.100.1.0/24")?, "alice", LocalRouteAttrs::default()))
+        .await?;
+    let update = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, first.recv_update()).await??;
+    assert_eq!(update.announced_routes[0].to_string(), "10.100.1.0/24");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// With collision_detect_established_state, a peer that restarts and dials
+/// again replaces the stale session at once, and the routes learned over the
+/// old session are flushed.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_restarted_peer_replaces_stale_session_when_enabled() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start_with(LOCAL_ASN, |c| c.collision_detect_established_state = true).await?;
+
+    let mut stale = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    stale.handshake(PEER_ASN, HIGH_ID, 90).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+    stale
+        .send(&Message::Update(UpdateMessage {
+            withdrawn_routes: vec![],
+            path_attributes: vec![
+                PathAttribute::Origin(OriginPathAttribute::IGP),
+                AsPathAttribute::from_asns(vec![PEER_ASN]),
+                PathAttribute::NextHop(NextHopPathAttribute(Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 9))),
+            ],
+            announced_routes: vec![IpPrefix::try_from("203.0.113.0/24")?],
+        }))
+        .await?;
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        while server.adj_rib_in.snapshot().await.is_empty() {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+    let stale_addr = server.registry.list()[0].peer.addr;
+
+    // "Restart": a fresh connection from the same router.
+    let mut fresh = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    fresh.handshake(PEER_ASN, HIGH_ID, 90).await?;
+
+    let notif = expect_notification(&mut stale).await?;
+    assert!(is_collision_cease(&notif), "{notif:?}");
+
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        loop {
+            let sessions = server.registry.list();
+            if sessions.len() == 1 && sessions[0].peer.addr != stale_addr {
+                break;
+            }
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+    assert!(server.adj_rib_in.snapshot().await.is_empty(), "stale routes were not flushed");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Different routers (different identifiers) never collide.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_distinct_identifiers_do_not_collide() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let mut a = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    a.handshake(PEER_ASN, HIGH_ID, 90).await?;
+    let mut b = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    b.handshake(PEER_ASN, LOW_ID, 90).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 2).await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// A failed connection frees its slot: the same router can come back.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_identifier_is_released_when_connection_ends() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let mut first = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    first.handshake(PEER_ASN, HIGH_ID, 90).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+    drop(first);
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 0).await?;
+
+    let mut second = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    second.handshake(PEER_ASN, HIGH_ID, 90).await?;
+    wait_for_sessions(&server, 1).await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// A peer claiming our own identifier is refused outright.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_peer_with_our_identifier_is_refused() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let mut peer = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    open_only(&mut peer, Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 1)).await?;
+    let notif = expect_notification(&mut peer).await?;
+    assert!(matches!(notif.error, BgpError::OpenMsg(OpenMsgSubcode::BadBgpId)), "{notif:?}");
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/integration-tests/tests/dialer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+//! The active side: the server dials its configured peers and keeps
+//! retrying.
+
+use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use bgp_integration_tests::test_peer::TestPeer;
+use bgp_integration_tests::test_server::TestServer;
+use bgp_packet::errors::{BgpError, OpenMsgSubcode};
+use bgp_packet::message::Message;
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
+use bgp_rib::{LocalRoute, LocalRouteAttrs};
+use bgp_server::config::PeerConfig;
+use bgp_server::session::DialState;
+use eyre::Result;
+use tokio::net::TcpListener;
+
+const LOCAL_ASN: u32 = 65000;
+const PEER_ASN: u32 = 65001;
+const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
+
+/// Starts a server configured to dial `listener`'s address as peer "lab".
+async fn server_dialing(listener: &TcpListener, remote_asn: u32) -> Result<TestServer> {
+    let endpoint: SocketAddr = listener.local_addr()?;
+    TestServer::start_with(LOCAL_ASN, |c| {
+        c.connect_retry = Duration::from_millis(200);
+        c.peers = vec![PeerConfig { name: "lab".into(), endpoint, remote_asn, hold_time_secs: 90, local_address: None }];
+    })
+    .await
+}
+
+async fn accept(listener: &TcpListener) -> Result<TestPeer> {
+    let (stream, _) = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, listener.accept()).await??;
+    Ok(TestPeer::from_stream(stream))
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_server_dials_configured_peer_and_establishes() -> Result<()> {
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind((Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST, 0)).await?;
+    let server = server_dialing(&listener, PEER_ASN).await?;
+
+    let mut peer = accept(&listener).await?;
+    // Both sides send OPEN on connect; the test peer's handshake order works
+    // whichever side opened TCP.
+    let open = peer.handshake(PEER_ASN, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 2), 90).await?;
+    assert_eq!(open.asn, LOCAL_ASN as u16);
+
+    let mut events = server.registry.subscribe();
+    // Either the Up event is still queued or the session is already listed.
+    let listed = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        loop {
+            if let Some(s) = server.registry.list().first().cloned() {
+                return s;
+            }
+            let _ = events.recv().await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+    assert_eq!(listed.name.as_deref(), Some("lab"));
+    assert_eq!(listed.peer.asn, PEER_ASN);
+    assert_eq!(listed.peer.addr, listener.local_addr()?);
+
+    // Configured view reflects it; the dialer is not in backoff.
+    let (cfg, state) = server.registry.configured_peers().into_iter().next().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(cfg.name, "lab");
+    assert!(matches!(state, DialState::Connecting | DialState::Idle), "{state:?}");
+
+    // Local routes flow over the dialled session too.
+    server
+        .local_rib
+        .announce(LocalRoute::new(IpPrefix::try_from("10.100.1.0/24")?, "alice", LocalRouteAttrs::default()))
+        .await?;
+    let update = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, peer.recv_update()).await??;
+    assert_eq!(update.announced_routes[0].to_string(), "10.100.1.0/24");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_server_reconnects_after_peer_closes() -> Result<()> {
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind((Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST, 0)).await?;
+    let server = server_dialing(&listener, PEER_ASN).await?;
+
+    let mut first = accept(&listener).await?;
+    first.handshake(PEER_ASN, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 2), 90).await?;
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        while server.registry.list().is_empty() {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+    drop(first);
+
+    // Session goes away, then the dialer comes back.
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        while !server.registry.list().is_empty() {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+    let (_, state) = server.registry.configured_peers().into_iter().next().unwrap();
+    assert!(matches!(state, DialState::Backoff { .. }), "{state:?}");
+
+    let mut second = accept(&listener).await?;
+    second.handshake(PEER_ASN, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 2), 90).await?;
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        while server.registry.list().is_empty() {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_wrong_asn_is_refused_with_bad_peer_as() -> Result<()> {
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind((Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST, 0)).await?;
+    let _server = server_dialing(&listener, PEER_ASN).await?;
+
+    let mut peer = accept(&listener).await?;
+    peer.send_open(65099, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 2), 90).await?;
+    let _ = peer.recv_open().await?;
+    let notif = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        loop {
+            match peer.recv().await? {
+                Message::Notification(n) => return Ok::<_, eyre::Error>(n),
+                Message::KeepAlive => {}
+                other => eyre::bail!("unexpected {other:?}"),
+            }
+        }
+    })
+    .await??;
+    assert!(matches!(notif.error, BgpError::OpenMsg(OpenMsgSubcode::BadPeerAs)), "{notif:?}");
+
+    // The dialer retries rather than giving up.
+    let _again = accept(&listener).await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// An inbound connection from a configured peer's address is also checked
+/// against the configured ASN and gets the configured name.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_inbound_from_configured_address_uses_config() -> Result<()> {
+    // Configure a peer at the loopback address on a port nobody listens on,
+    // so the dialer never succeeds; then connect inbound from loopback.
+    let server = TestServer::start_with(LOCAL_ASN, |c| {
+        c.connect_retry = Duration::from_secs(60);
+        c.peers = vec![PeerConfig {
+            name: "lab".into(),
+            endpoint: SocketAddr::new(Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST.into(), 1),
+            remote_asn: PEER_ASN,
+            hold_time_secs: 90,
+            local_address: None,
+        }];
+    })
+    .await?;
+
+    // Wrong ASN inbound → refused.
+    let mut bad = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    bad.send_open(65099, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 2), 90).await?;
+    let _ = bad.recv_open().await?;
+    let msg = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, bad.recv()).await??;
+    assert!(matches!(&msg, Message::Notification(n) if matches!(n.error, BgpError::OpenMsg(OpenMsgSubcode::BadPeerAs))), "{msg:?}");
+
+    // Right ASN inbound → established, named.
+    let mut good = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    good.handshake(PEER_ASN, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 2), 90).await?;
+    let listed = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        loop {
+            if let Some(s) = server.registry.list().first().cloned() {
+                return s;
+            }
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+    assert_eq!(listed.name.as_deref(), Some("lab"));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// With `local_address` set the connection must come from that address (the
+/// peer may identify us by it), and an address the host does not have is
+/// reported as the reason for backing off rather than silently ignored.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_local_address_is_used_as_the_source() -> Result<()> {
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind((Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST, 0)).await?;
+    let endpoint: SocketAddr = listener.local_addr()?;
+    let _server = TestServer::start_with(LOCAL_ASN, |c| {
+        c.connect_retry = Duration::from_millis(200);
+        c.peers = vec![PeerConfig {
+            name: "lab".into(),
+            endpoint,
+            remote_asn: PEER_ASN,
+            hold_time_secs: 90,
+            local_address: Some(Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST.into()),
+        }];
+    })
+    .await?;
+    let (_stream, from) = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, listener.accept()).await??;
+    assert_eq!(from.ip(), std::net::IpAddr::from(Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST));
+
+    // 192.0.2.1 is documentation space; no host has it.
+    let server = TestServer::start_with(LOCAL_ASN, |c| {
+        c.connect_retry = Duration::from_millis(200);
+        c.peers = vec![PeerConfig {
+            name: "lab".into(),
+            endpoint,
+            remote_asn: PEER_ASN,
+            hold_time_secs: 90,
+            local_address: Some(Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 1).into()),
+        }];
+    })
+    .await?;
+    let reason = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        loop {
+            if let Some((_, DialState::Backoff { last_error, .. })) = server.registry.configured_peers().into_iter().next() {
+                return last_error;
+            }
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20)).await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+    assert!(reason.contains("local_address 192.0.2.1"), "{reason}");
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/integration-tests/tests/http_api.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+//! Drives the HTTP API against a real server with a real BGP peer attached.
+
+use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use bgp_integration_tests::test_peer::TestPeer;
+use bgp_integration_tests::test_server::TestServer;
+use bgp_packet::message::{
+    AsPathAttribute, CommunitiesPathAttribute, Message, NextHopPathAttribute,
+    OriginPathAttribute, PathAttribute, UpdateMessage,
+};
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
+use bgp_primitives::parser::ParserContext;
+use bgp_rib::LocalRibPolicy;
+use eyre::Result;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+const LOCAL_ASN: u32 = 65000;
+const PEER_ASN: u32 = 65001;
+const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
+
+fn prefix(s: &str) -> IpPrefix {
+    IpPrefix::try_from(s).unwrap()
+}
+
+async fn established_peer(server: &TestServer) -> Result<TestPeer> {
+    let mut peer = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    peer.handshake(PEER_ASN, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 1), 90).await?;
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        while server.registry.list().is_empty() {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+    Ok(peer)
+}
+
+async fn get_json(client: &reqwest::Client, url: &str) -> Result<Value> {
+    Ok(client.get(url).send().await?.error_for_status()?.json().await?)
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_status_and_peers() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let (base, _http) = server.serve_http().await?;
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+
+    let config = get_json(&client, &format!("{base}/api/config")).await?;
+    assert_eq!(config["path"], "test.textpb");
+    assert_eq!(config["text"], format!("local_asn: {LOCAL_ASN}\n"));
+
+    let status = get_json(&client, &format!("{base}/api/status")).await?;
+    assert_eq!(status["local_asn"], LOCAL_ASN);
+    assert_eq!(status["router_id"], "127.0.0.1");
+    assert_eq!(status["sessions"], 0);
+    assert!(status["started_at_unix"].as_u64().unwrap() > 1_700_000_000);
+    assert!(!status["hostname"].as_str().unwrap().is_empty());
+
+    let _peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+
+    let status = get_json(&client, &format!("{base}/api/status")).await?;
+    assert_eq!(status["sessions"], 1);
+
+    let peers = get_json(&client, &format!("{base}/api/peers")).await?;
+    assert_eq!(peers.as_array().unwrap().len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(peers[0]["peer_asn"], PEER_ASN);
+    assert_eq!(peers[0]["local_addr"], server.addr.to_string());
+    assert_eq!(peers[0]["four_octet_asn"], true);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// The full loop: POST an announcement, the BGP peer receives the UPDATE,
+/// the local table lists it, the wire view matches the bytes, DELETE
+/// withdraws it.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_announce_over_http_reaches_peer() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let (base, _http) = server.serve_http().await?;
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    let mut peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+
+    let resp = client
+        .post(format!("{base}/api/routes/local"))
+        .json(&json!({
+            "prefix": "10.100.1.0/24",
+            "owner": "alice",
+            "prepend": 1,
+            "med": 10,
+            "communities": ["65000:100", "NO_EXPORT"],
+            "large_communities": ["65000:1:2"],
+        }))
+        .send()
+        .await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 200, "{}", resp.text().await?);
+    let body: Value = resp.json().await?;
+    assert_eq!(body["prefix"], "10.100.1.0/24");
+    assert_eq!(body["origin"], "IGP");
+    assert_eq!(body["communities"], json!(["65000:100", "65535:65281"]));
+    assert_eq!(body["large_communities"], json!(["65000:1:2"]));
+
+    // The peer sees the UPDATE.
+    let update: UpdateMessage = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, peer.recv_update()).await??;
+    assert_eq!(update.announced_routes, vec![prefix("10.100.1.0/24")]);
+    assert_eq!(update.path_attributes[1], AsPathAttribute::from_asns(vec![LOCAL_ASN, LOCAL_ASN]));
+    assert_eq!(update.path_attributes[2], PathAttribute::NextHop(NextHopPathAttribute(Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST)));
+    assert!(update.path_attributes.contains(&PathAttribute::Communities(CommunitiesPathAttribute(vec![
+        (65000, 100),
+        (65535, 65281)
+    ]))));
+
+    // Local table lists it.
+    let local = get_json(&client, &format!("{base}/api/routes/local")).await?;
+    assert_eq!(local.as_array().unwrap().len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(local[0]["owner"], "alice");
+
+    // Wire view reproduces exactly what went over the socket.
+    let wire = get_json(&client, &format!("{base}/api/routes/local/wire?prefix=10.100.1.0/24")).await?;
+    assert_eq!(wire.as_array().unwrap().len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(wire[0]["peer_asn"], PEER_ASN);
+    assert_eq!(wire[0]["four_octet_asn"], true);
+    assert_eq!(wire[0]["summary"]["as_path"], json!([LOCAL_ASN, LOCAL_ASN]));
+    let hex = wire[0]["hex"].as_str().unwrap();
+    let ctx = ParserContext { four_octet_asn: peer.ctx.four_octet_asn, address_family: None };
+    let mut expected = bytes::BytesMut::new();
+    Message::Update(update).to_wire(&ctx, &mut expected)?;
+    let expected_hex: String = expected.iter().map(|b| format!("{b:02x}")).collect();
+    assert_eq!(hex, expected_hex);
+    assert!(hex.starts_with(&"ff".repeat(16)), "marker missing");
+
+    // Withdraw.
+    let resp = client
+        .delete(format!("{base}/api/routes/local"))
+        .json(&json!({ "prefix": "10.100.1.0/24", "owner": "alice" }))
+        .send()
+        .await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 200);
+    let withdrawn: UpdateMessage = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, peer.recv_update()).await??;
+    assert_eq!(withdrawn.withdrawn_routes, vec![prefix("10.100.1.0/24")]);
+
+    let local = get_json(&client, &format!("{base}/api/routes/local")).await?;
+    assert!(local.as_array().unwrap().is_empty());
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_validation_and_policy_status_codes() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start_with_policy(
+        LOCAL_ASN,
+        LocalRibPolicy { allowed_prefixes: vec![prefix("10.100.0.0/16")], max_routes_per_owner: 1 },
+    )
+    .await?;
+    let (base, _http) = server.serve_http().await?;
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    let url = format!("{base}/api/routes/local");
+
+    let post = |body: Value| client.post(&url).json(&body).send();
+
+    // Malformed input → 400 with an error message.
+    let resp = post(json!({ "prefix": "not-a-prefix", "owner": "alice" })).await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 400);
+    assert!(resp.json::<Value>().await?["error"].as_str().unwrap().contains("invalid prefix"));
+
+    let resp = post(json!({ "prefix": "10.100.1.0/24", "owner": "" })).await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 400);
+
+    let resp = post(json!({ "prefix": "10.100.1.0/24", "owner": "alice", "communities": ["bogus"] })).await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 400);
+
+    let resp = post(json!({ "prefix": "10.100.1.0/24", "owner": "alice", "origin": "weird" })).await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 400);
+
+    // Outside allowlist → 403.
+    let resp = post(json!({ "prefix": "192.0.2.0/24", "owner": "alice" })).await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 403);
+
+    // First allowed route is fine.
+    assert_eq!(post(json!({ "prefix": "10.100.1.0/24", "owner": "alice" })).await?.status(), 200);
+
+    // Per-owner limit → 422.
+    let resp = post(json!({ "prefix": "10.100.2.0/24", "owner": "alice" })).await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 422);
+
+    // Someone else's prefix → 409, for both replace and withdraw.
+    let resp = post(json!({ "prefix": "10.100.1.0/24", "owner": "bob" })).await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 409);
+    let resp = client
+        .delete(&url)
+        .json(&json!({ "prefix": "10.100.1.0/24", "owner": "bob" }))
+        .send()
+        .await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 409);
+
+    // Withdrawing an unknown prefix is a 200 with null.
+    let resp = client.delete(&url).json(&json!({ "prefix": "10.100.7.0/24" })).send().await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 200);
+    assert_eq!(resp.json::<Value>().await?, Value::Null);
+
+    // Wire view for an unannounced prefix → 404.
+    let resp = client.get(format!("{base}/api/routes/local/wire?prefix=10.100.7.0/24")).send().await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 404);
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Routes the peer sends us show up in the received table with a summary.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_received_routes_summary() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let (base, _http) = server.serve_http().await?;
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    let mut peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+
+    peer.send(&Message::Update(UpdateMessage {
+        withdrawn_routes: vec![],
+        path_attributes: vec![
+            PathAttribute::Origin(OriginPathAttribute::IGP),
+            AsPathAttribute::from_asns(vec![PEER_ASN, 65002]),
+            PathAttribute::NextHop(NextHopPathAttribute(Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 1))),
+            PathAttribute::Communities(CommunitiesPathAttribute(vec![(65001, 7)])),
+        ],
+        announced_routes: vec![prefix("203.0.113.0/24")],
+    }))
+    .await?;
+
+    let received = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        loop {
+            let v = get_json(&client, &format!("{base}/api/routes/received")).await?;
+            if !v.as_array().unwrap().is_empty() {
+                return Ok::<_, eyre::Error>(v);
+            }
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20)).await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await??;
+    assert_eq!(received[0]["prefix"], "203.0.113.0/24");
+    assert_eq!(received[0]["peer_asn"], PEER_ASN);
+    assert_eq!(received[0]["summary"]["as_path"], json!([PEER_ASN, 65002]));
+    assert_eq!(received[0]["summary"]["next_hop"], "10.0.0.1");
+    assert_eq!(received[0]["summary"]["communities"], json!(["65001:7"]));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// The SSE stream reports session and route changes as they happen.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_event_stream() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let (base, _http) = server.serve_http().await?;
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+
+    let mut resp = client.get(format!("{base}/api/events")).send().await?.error_for_status()?;
+    assert!(resp.headers()["content-type"].to_str()?.starts_with("text/event-stream"));
+
+    let _peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+    server
+        .local_rib
+        .announce(bgp_rib::LocalRoute::new(prefix("10.100.1.0/24"), "alice", Default::default()))
+        .await?;
+
+    // Collect SSE frames until we have seen both events.
+    let mut buf = String::new();
+    let mut seen_up = false;
+    let mut seen_announce = false;
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        while !(seen_up && seen_announce) {
+            let chunk = resp.chunk().await?.ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("stream ended"))?;
+            buf.push_str(std::str::from_utf8(&chunk)?);
+            for line in buf.lines().filter_map(|l| l.strip_prefix("data:")) {
+                let ev: Value = serde_json::from_str(line.trim())?;
+                match ev["type"].as_str() {
+                    Some("session_up") if ev["peer"]["peer_asn"] == PEER_ASN => seen_up = true,
+                    Some("local_announced") if ev["route"]["prefix"] == "10.100.1.0/24" => seen_announce = true,
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok::<_, eyre::Error>(())
+    })
+    .await??;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_statusz_page_is_served() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let (base, _http) = server.serve_http().await?;
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+
+    let resp = client.get(format!("{base}/statusz")).send().await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 200);
+    assert!(resp.headers()["content-type"].to_str()?.starts_with("text/html"));
+    let body = resp.text().await?;
+    assert!(body.contains("<title>Status for ferrix_bgp</title>"));
+    assert!(body.contains("/api/events"));
+
+    // The root redirects to the page.
+    let no_redirect = reqwest::Client::builder().redirect(reqwest::redirect::Policy::none()).build()?;
+    let resp = no_redirect.get(format!("{base}/")).send().await?;
+    assert_eq!(resp.status(), 307);
+    assert_eq!(resp.headers()["location"], "/statusz");
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_metricz_and_well_known() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(LOCAL_ASN).await?;
+    let (base, _http) = server.serve_http().await?;
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    let _peer = established_peer(&server).await?;
+
+    let text = client.get(format!("{base}/metricz")).send().await?.error_for_status()?.text().await?;
+    // Metrics are process-global, so other tests in this binary contribute
+    // too; assert on presence and a lower bound rather than exact values.
+    let metric = |name: &str| -> Option<i64> {
+        text.lines()
+            .find(|l| l.starts_with(name) && l[name.len()..].starts_with(' '))
+            .and_then(|l| l.rsplit(' ').next()?.parse().ok())
+    };
+    assert!(metric("bgp_sessions_established").unwrap_or(0) >= 1, "{text}");
+    assert!(metric("bgp_messages_sent_total{type=\"open\"}").unwrap_or(0) >= 1, "{text}");
+    assert!(metric("bgp_messages_received_total{type=\"keepalive\"}").unwrap_or(0) >= 1, "{text}");
+    assert!(metric("bgp_local_routes").is_some(), "{text}");
+    assert!(metric("bgp_adj_rib_in_routes").is_some(), "{text}");
+
+    let wk = get_json(&client, &format!("{base}/api/communities/well-known")).await?;
+    assert!(wk.as_array().unwrap().iter().any(|c| c["name"] == "NO_EXPORT" && c["value"] == "65535:65281"));
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/integration-tests/tests/interop.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+//! Interoperability with what real routers put on the wire.
+
+use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use bgp_integration_tests::test_peer::TestPeer;
+use bgp_integration_tests::test_server::TestServer;
+use bgp_packet::message::{Message, PathAttribute};
+use bgp_packet::open::{Capability, OpenOption};
+use bgp_primitives::constants::{AddressFamilyId, SubsequentAfi};
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
+use bgp_rib::{LocalRoute, LocalRouteAttrs};
+use eyre::Result;
+
+const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
+
+/// The OPEN a BIRD 2 router sends for an IPv6-only session from AS210036:
+/// one optional parameter carrying MP(IPv6 unicast), route refresh,
+/// extended message, graceful restart (aware only), 4-octet AS, enhanced
+/// route refresh and long-lived graceful restart (aware only).
+#[rustfmt::skip]
+const BIRD_OPEN: &[u8] = &[
+    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+    0x00, 0x37, 0x01,             // length 55, type OPEN
+    0x04,                         // version
+    0x5b, 0xa0,                   // AS_TRANS
+    0x00, 0xf0,                   // hold time 240
+    0x0a, 0xff, 0x00, 0x01,       // router id 10.255.0.1
+    0x1a,                         // optional parameters length 26
+    0x02, 0x18,                   // capabilities, 24 bytes
+    0x01, 0x04, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, // MP: IPv6 unicast
+    0x02, 0x00,                   // route refresh
+    0x06, 0x00,                   // extended message
+    0x40, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,       // graceful restart, no address families
+    0x41, 0x04, 0x00, 0x03, 0x34, 0x74, // 4-octet AS 210036
+    0x46, 0x00,                   // enhanced route refresh
+    0x47, 0x00,                   // long-lived graceful restart, none
+];
+
+/// IPv6 End-of-RIB: an UPDATE whose only attribute is an empty
+/// MP_UNREACH_NLRI for IPv6 unicast (RFC 4724 §2).
+#[rustfmt::skip]
+const IPV6_END_OF_RIB: &[u8] = &[
+    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
+    0x00, 0x1e, 0x02,             // length 30, type UPDATE
+    0x00, 0x00,                   // no withdrawn routes
+    0x00, 0x07,                   // 7 bytes of path attributes
+    0x90, 0x0f, 0x00, 0x03,       // optional + extended length, MP_UNREACH_NLRI, len 3
+    0x00, 0x02, 0x01,             // IPv6 unicast, no prefixes
+];
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_server_advertises_ipv4_and_ipv6_unicast() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(65000).await?;
+    let mut peer = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+    let open = peer.recv_open().await?;
+    let caps: Vec<&Capability> = open
+        .options
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|o| match o {
+            OpenOption::Capabilities(c) => c.iter(),
+        })
+        .collect();
+    for afi in [AddressFamilyId::Ipv4, AddressFamilyId::Ipv6] {
+        assert!(
+            caps.iter().any(|c| matches!(c, Capability::MultiProtocol { afi: a, safi: SubsequentAfi::Unicast } if *a == afi)),
+            "missing MP capability for {afi:?}: {caps:?}"
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_bird_open_and_end_of_rib_are_accepted() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(4200000001).await?;
+    let mut peer = TestPeer::connect(server.addr).await?;
+
+    peer.send_raw(BIRD_OPEN).await?;
+    peer.recv_open().await?;
+    match tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, peer.recv()).await?? {
+        Message::KeepAlive => {}
+        other => eyre::bail!("server did not accept BIRD's OPEN: {other:?}"),
+    }
+    peer.send(&Message::KeepAlive).await?;
+
+    tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        while server.registry.list().is_empty() {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await?;
+    let session = server.registry.list().remove(0);
+    assert_eq!(session.peer.asn, 210036, "4-octet ASN must come from the capability, not AS_TRANS");
+    assert!(session.four_octet_asn);
+
+    // End-of-RIB must neither break the session nor create a route.
+    peer.send_raw(IPV6_END_OF_RIB).await?;
+    peer.send(&Message::KeepAlive).await?;
+    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(200)).await;
+    assert_eq!(server.registry.list().len(), 1, "session dropped after End-of-RIB");
+    assert!(server.adj_rib_in.snapshot().await.is_empty());
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Over an IPv4 test transport an IPv6 route cannot be sent (no IPv6 next
+/// hop), so this only checks the builder the advertiser uses: the UPDATE for
+/// a lab /48 carries MP_REACH_NLRI with an IPv6 next hop and no NEXT_HOP.
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_ipv6_lab_prefix_update_shape() -> Result<()> {
+    let route = LocalRoute::new(IpPrefix::try_from("2a0d:d741:1::/48")?, "student1", LocalRouteAttrs::default());
+    let nh: std::net::Ipv6Addr = "fd00:179::2".parse()?;
+    let update = bgp_server::advertise::build_announce(&route, 4200000001, nh.into()).expect("ipv6 over ipv6");
+    assert!(update.announced_routes.is_empty());
+    assert!(!update.path_attributes.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, PathAttribute::NextHop(_))));
+    assert!(update.path_attributes.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, PathAttribute::MpReachNlri(m)
+        if m.afi == AddressFamilyId::Ipv6 && m.prefixes[0].to_string() == "2a0d:d741:1::/48")));
+    let _ = Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST;
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/integration-tests/tests/pings.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//! The ping monitor as seen through the HTTP API. The socket is left out
+//! (it needs privileges); observations are fed in directly.
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use bgp_integration_tests::test_server::TestServer;
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
+use bgp_rib::LocalRoute;
+use bgp_server::ping::PingObservation;
+use eyre::Result;
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
+
+fn ping(src: &str, dst: &str, hop_limit: u8, seq: u16) -> PingObservation {
+    PingObservation {
+        src: src.parse().unwrap(),
+        dst: dst.parse().unwrap(),
+        interface: Some("swissix0".into()),
+        hop_limit: Some(hop_limit),
+        ident: 1,
+        seq,
+        bytes: 64,
+        packet: [&[128, 0, 0xab, 0xcd, 0, 1][..], &seq.to_be_bytes(), b"hi"].concat(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn pings_are_listed_with_the_route_they_were_sent_to() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(65000).await?;
+    let (base, _http) = server.serve_http().await?;
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    server
+        .local_rib
+        .announce(LocalRoute::new(IpPrefix::try_from("2001:db8:1a::/48").unwrap(), "alice", Default::default()))
+        .await?;
+
+    server.pings.record(ping("2001:67c:10ec::5", "2001:db8:1a::1", 57, 0)).await;
+    server.pings.record(ping("2001:67c:10ec::5", "2001:db8:1a::1", 57, 1)).await;
+    server.pings.record(ping("2a02:1210::9", "2001:db8:ff::1", 243, 0)).await;
+    server.pings.record(ping("2a02:1210::9", "2a0d:d740::1", 243, 0)).await; // not a watched prefix
+
+    let view: Value = client.get(format!("{base}/api/pings")).send().await?.error_for_status()?.json().await?;
+    assert_eq!(view["status"], "listening");
+    assert_eq!(view["prefixes"][0], "2001:db8::/32");
+    assert_eq!(view["total_flows"], 2);
+
+    let flows = view["flows"].as_array().unwrap();
+    let alice = flows.iter().find(|f| f["dst"] == "2001:db8:1a::1").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(alice["src"], "2001:67c:10ec::5");
+    assert_eq!(alice["prefix"], "2001:db8:1a::/48");
+    assert_eq!(alice["owner"], "alice");
+    assert_eq!(alice["interface"], "swissix0");
+    assert_eq!((alice["hop_limit"].as_u64(), alice["hops"].as_u64()), (Some(57), Some(7)));
+    assert_eq!((alice["count"].as_u64(), alice["seq"].as_u64()), (Some(2), Some(1)));
+    assert_eq!(alice["hex"], "8000abcd000100016869");
+    assert!(alice["last_seen_unix"].as_u64().unwrap() > 1_700_000_000);
+
+    let stray = flows.iter().find(|f| f["dst"] == "2001:db8:ff::1").unwrap();
+    assert!(stray["prefix"].is_null() && stray["owner"].is_null());
+    assert_eq!(stray["hops"], 12);
+
+    let limited: Value = client.get(format!("{base}/api/pings?limit=1")).send().await?.json().await?;
+    assert_eq!(limited["total_flows"], 2);
+    assert_eq!(limited["flows"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 1);
+
+    let metrics = client.get(format!("{base}/metricz")).send().await?.text().await?;
+    assert!(metrics.contains("ping_monitor_echo_requests_total"));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn pings_appear_on_the_event_stream() -> Result<()> {
+    let server = TestServer::start(65000).await?;
+    let (base, _http) = server.serve_http().await?;
+    let mut resp = reqwest::Client::new().get(format!("{base}/api/events")).send().await?.error_for_status()?;
+
+    // The subscription exists once the response has started; a ping recorded
+    // before that would be missed, so keep pinging until one shows up.
+    let pings = server.pings.clone();
+    let pinger = tokio::spawn(async move {
+        for seq in 0.. {
+            pings.record(ping("2001:67c:10ec::5", "2001:db8:1a::1", 57, seq)).await;
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+        }
+    });
+
+    let mut buf = String::new();
+    let event = tokio::time::timeout(TIMEOUT, async {
+        loop {
+            let chunk = resp.chunk().await?.ok_or_else(|| eyre::eyre!("stream ended"))?;
+            buf.push_str(std::str::from_utf8(&chunk)?);
+            for line in buf.lines().filter_map(|l| l.strip_prefix("data:")) {
+                let ev: Value = serde_json::from_str(line.trim())?;
+                if ev["type"] == "ping_seen" {
+                    return Ok::<_, eyre::Error>(ev);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    })
+    .await??;
+    pinger.abort();
+
+    assert_eq!(event["ping"]["src"], "2001:67c:10ec::5");
+    assert_eq!(event["ping"]["dst"], "2001:db8:1a::1");
+    assert_eq!(event["ping"]["interface"], "swissix0");
+    assert!(event["new_burst"].is_boolean());
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/packet/src/message.rs

@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ pub enum PathAttribute {
     LocalPref(LocalPrefPathAttribute) = 5,
     AtomicAggregate(AtomicAggregatePathAttribute) = 6,
     Aggregator(AggregatorPathAttribute) = 7,
-    Communitites(CommunitiesPathAttribute) = 8,
+    Communities(CommunitiesPathAttribute) = 8,
     MpReachNlri(MpReachNlriPathAttribute) = 14,
     MpUnreachNlri(MpUnreachNlriPathAttribute) = 15,
     ExtendedCommunities(ExtendedCommunitiesPathAttribute) = 16,
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ impl From<u8> for PathAttributeDiscriminants {
             v if v == Self::LocalPref as u8 => Self::LocalPref,
             v if v == Self::AtomicAggregate as u8 => Self::AtomicAggregate,
             v if v == Self::Aggregator as u8 => Self::Aggregator,
-            v if v == Self::Communitites as u8 => Self::Communitites,
+            v if v == Self::Communities as u8 => Self::Communities,
             v if v == Self::MpReachNlri as u8 => Self::MpReachNlri,
             v if v == Self::MpUnreachNlri as u8 => Self::MpUnreachNlri,
             v if v == Self::ExtendedCommunities as u8 => Self::ExtendedCommunities,
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ impl PathAttribute {
             PathAttribute::LocalPref(_) => PathAttributeDiscriminants::LocalPref as u8,
             PathAttribute::AtomicAggregate(_) => PathAttributeDiscriminants::AtomicAggregate as u8,
             PathAttribute::Aggregator(_) => PathAttributeDiscriminants::Aggregator as u8,
-            PathAttribute::Communitites(_) => PathAttributeDiscriminants::Communitites as u8,
+            PathAttribute::Communities(_) => PathAttributeDiscriminants::Communities as u8,
             PathAttribute::MpReachNlri(_) => PathAttributeDiscriminants::MpReachNlri as u8,
             PathAttribute::MpUnreachNlri(_) => PathAttributeDiscriminants::MpUnreachNlri as u8,
             PathAttribute::ExtendedCommunities(_) => {
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ impl PathAttribute {
             PathAttribute::LocalPref(_) => false,
             PathAttribute::AtomicAggregate(_) => true,
             PathAttribute::Aggregator(_) => true,
-            PathAttribute::Communitites(_) => true,
+            PathAttribute::Communities(_) => true,
             PathAttribute::MpReachNlri(_) => true,
             PathAttribute::MpUnreachNlri(_) => true,
             PathAttribute::ExtendedCommunities(_) => true,
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ impl PathAttribute {
             PathAttribute::LocalPref(_) => true,
             PathAttribute::AtomicAggregate(_) => true,
             PathAttribute::Aggregator(_) => false,
-            PathAttribute::Communitites(_) => true,
+            PathAttribute::Communities(_) => true,
             PathAttribute::MpReachNlri(_) => false,
             PathAttribute::MpUnreachNlri(_) => false,
             PathAttribute::ExtendedCommunities(_) => true,
@@ -467,8 +467,8 @@ impl PathAttribute {
             PathAttributeDiscriminants::Aggregator => {
                 PathAttribute::Aggregator(AggregatorPathAttribute::from_wire(ctx, pa_buf)?.1)
             }
-            PathAttributeDiscriminants::Communitites => {
-                PathAttribute::Communitites(CommunitiesPathAttribute::from_wire(ctx, pa_buf)?.1)
+            PathAttributeDiscriminants::Communities => {
+                PathAttribute::Communities(CommunitiesPathAttribute::from_wire(ctx, pa_buf)?.1)
             }
             PathAttributeDiscriminants::MpReachNlri => {
                 PathAttribute::MpReachNlri(MpReachNlriPathAttribute::from_wire(ctx, pa_buf)?.1)
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ impl PathAttribute {
             PathAttribute::Aggregator(aggregator_path_attribute) => {
                 write_path_attribute!(out, aggregator_path_attribute);
             }
-            PathAttribute::Communitites(communities_path_attribute) => {
+            PathAttribute::Communities(communities_path_attribute) => {
                 write_path_attribute!(out, communities_path_attribute);
             }
             PathAttribute::MpReachNlri(mp_reach_nlri_path_attribute) => {
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ impl PathAttribute {
             PathAttribute::LocalPref(a) => a.wire_len(ctx)?,
             PathAttribute::AtomicAggregate(a) => a.wire_len(ctx)?,
             PathAttribute::Aggregator(a) => a.wire_len(ctx)?,
-            PathAttribute::Communitites(a) => a.wire_len(ctx)?,
+            PathAttribute::Communities(a) => a.wire_len(ctx)?,
             PathAttribute::MpReachNlri(a) => a.wire_len(ctx)?,
             PathAttribute::MpUnreachNlri(a) => a.wire_len(ctx)?,
             PathAttribute::ExtendedCommunities(a) => a.wire_len(ctx)?,
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ impl AggregatorPathAttribute {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-pub struct CommunitiesPathAttribute(Vec<(u16, u16)>);
+pub struct CommunitiesPathAttribute(pub Vec<(u16, u16)>);
 
 impl CommunitiesPathAttribute {
     pub fn from_wire<'a>(
@@ -1624,7 +1624,7 @@ mod tests {
     test_path_attribute_roundtrip!(
         test_communities,
         &[0xc0, 0x08, 0x04, 0xca, 0xfe, 0xba, 0xbe],
-        PathAttribute::Communitites(CommunitiesPathAttribute(vec![(0xcafe, 0xbabe)]))
+        PathAttribute::Communities(CommunitiesPathAttribute(vec![(0xcafe, 0xbabe)]))
     );
 
     // MP Reach NLRI Path Attribute.

crates/packet/src/open.rs

@@ -311,6 +311,10 @@ impl Capability {
     ) -> IResult<&'a [u8], Self, BgpParserError<&'a [u8]>> {
         let (buf, typ) = be_u8(buf)?;
         let (buf, len) = be_u8(buf)?;
+        // `cap_buf` holds exactly this capability's value; `buf` is what
+        // follows it. Every arm must return `buf`, or the caller's list
+        // parser sees an empty remainder and silently drops all the
+        // capabilities after this one.
         let (buf, cap_buf) = nom::bytes::take(len).parse(buf)?;
         macro_rules! require_empty {
             ($buf:expr, $cap_type:expr) => {
@@ -390,11 +394,11 @@ impl Capability {
                 let (cap_buf, entries) = nom::multi::many1(parse_enh).parse(cap_buf)?;
                 require_empty!(cap_buf, "ExtendedNextHop");
 
-                Ok((cap_buf, Self::ExtendedNextHop { entries }))
+                Ok((buf, Self::ExtendedNextHop { entries }))
             }
             v if v == CapabilityDiscriminants::ExtendedMessage as u8 => {
                 require_empty!(cap_buf, "ExtendedMessage");
-                Ok((cap_buf, Self::ExtendedMessage))
+                Ok((buf, Self::ExtendedMessage))
             }
             v if v == CapabilityDiscriminants::BgpSec as u8 => {
                 let (cap_buf, header) = be_u8(cap_buf)?;
@@ -402,7 +406,7 @@ impl Capability {
                 let afi = AddressFamilyId::try_from(afi).map_err(|e| fail!("{}", e))?;
                 require_empty!(cap_buf, "BgpSec");
                 Ok((
-                    cap_buf,
+                    buf,
                     Self::BgpSec {
                         header: BgpSecHeader(header),
                         afi,
@@ -416,7 +420,7 @@ impl Capability {
                 let (cap_buf, role) = be_u8(cap_buf)?;
                 let role = BgpRole::try_from(role).map_err(|e| fail!("{}", e))?;
                 require_empty!(cap_buf, "BgpRole");
-                Ok((cap_buf, Self::BgpRole { role }))
+                Ok((buf, Self::BgpRole { role }))
             }
             v if v == CapabilityDiscriminants::GracefulRestart as u8 => {
                 // flags_restart_time is: (4 bits: restart flags, 12 bits: restart time (s)).
@@ -445,7 +449,7 @@ impl Capability {
                 let (cap_buf, entries) = nom::multi::many0(parse_entry).parse(cap_buf)?;
                 require_empty!(cap_buf, "GracefulRestart");
                 Ok((
-                    cap_buf,
+                    buf,
                     Self::GracefulRestart {
                         restart_state,
                         restart_time,
@@ -467,7 +471,7 @@ impl Capability {
                 let send_recv = AddPathSendRecv::try_from(send_recv).map_err(|e| fail!("{}", e))?;
                 require_empty!(cap_buf, "AddPath");
                 Ok((
-                    cap_buf,
+                    buf,
                     Self::AddPath {
                         afi,
                         safi,
@@ -477,7 +481,7 @@ impl Capability {
             }
             v if v == CapabilityDiscriminants::EnhancedRouteRefresh as u8 => {
                 require_empty!(cap_buf, "EnhancedRouteRefresh");
-                Ok((cap_buf, Self::EnhancedRouteRefresh))
+                Ok((buf, Self::EnhancedRouteRefresh))
             }
             v if v == CapabilityDiscriminants::LongLivedGracefulRestart as u8 => {
                 let parse_llgr = |buf: &'a [u8]| -> IResult<
@@ -503,13 +507,13 @@ impl Capability {
                 };
                 let (cap_buf, entries) = nom::multi::many0(parse_llgr).parse(cap_buf)?;
                 require_empty!(cap_buf, "LongLivedGracefulRestart");
-                Ok((cap_buf, Self::LongLivedGracefulRestart(entries)))
+                Ok((buf, Self::LongLivedGracefulRestart(entries)))
             }
             type_code => {
                 // Handling an unknown capability, so just parse it out and store the value
                 // as bytes.
                 Ok((
-                    &[],
+                    buf,
                     Self::UnknownCapability {
                         type_code,
                         length: cap_buf.len() as u8,
@@ -978,4 +982,56 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(buf.to_vec(), out.to_vec());
         Ok(())
     }
+    /// Each capability must leave the bytes that follow it for the caller.
+    /// Returning the (empty) per-capability buffer instead makes the list
+    /// parser stop early and silently lose every later capability, e.g. the
+    /// 4-octet ASN that routers list after graceful restart.
+    #[test]
+    fn capability_parsers_leave_the_following_bytes() {
+        let ctx = ParserContext::default();
+        let trailer: &[u8] = &[0x41, 0x04, 0x00, 0x03, 0x34, 0x74];
+        let samples: &[(&str, &[u8])] = &[
+            ("multiprotocol", &[0x01, 0x04, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01]),
+            ("route refresh", &[0x02, 0x00]),
+            ("extended next hop", &[0x05, 0x06, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02]),
+            ("extended message", &[0x06, 0x00]),
+            ("role", &[0x09, 0x01, 0x00]),
+            ("graceful restart, aware only", &[0x40, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00]),
+            ("graceful restart, one family", &[0x40, 0x06, 0x00, 0x78, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x80]),
+            ("4-octet asn", &[0x41, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0xfd, 0xe8]),
+            ("add-path", &[0x45, 0x04, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x03]),
+            ("enhanced route refresh", &[0x46, 0x00]),
+            ("long-lived graceful restart, none", &[0x47, 0x00]),
+            ("unknown (fqdn)", &[0x49, 0x02, b'a', b'b']),
+        ];
+        for (name, bytes) in samples {
+            let mut input = bytes.to_vec();
+            input.extend_from_slice(trailer);
+            let (rest, _) = Capability::from_wire(&ctx, &input)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|e| panic!("{name}: failed to parse: {e:?}"));
+            assert_eq!(rest, trailer, "{name}: did not return the bytes following the capability");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The capability list of a BIRD 2 OPEN, end to end.
+    #[test]
+    fn bird_capability_list_is_parsed_completely() {
+        let ctx = ParserContext::default();
+        #[rustfmt::skip]
+        let param: &[u8] = &[
+            0x02, 0x18,
+            0x01, 0x04, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01,
+            0x02, 0x00,
+            0x06, 0x00,
+            0x40, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,
+            0x41, 0x04, 0x00, 0x03, 0x34, 0x74,
+            0x46, 0x00,
+            0x47, 0x00,
+        ];
+        let (rest, OpenOption::Capabilities(caps)) = OpenOption::from_wire(&ctx, param).unwrap();
+        assert!(rest.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(caps.len(), 7, "{caps:?}");
+        assert!(caps.contains(&Capability::FourByteAsn { asn: 210036 }));
+    }
+
 }

crates/primitives/src/ip_prefix.rs

@@ -34,6 +34,25 @@ impl IpPrefix {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Returns true if `other` is equal to or more specific than `self`, i.e.
+    /// `self` covers `other`. Prefixes of different address families never
+    /// contain each other.
+    pub fn contains(&self, other: &IpPrefix) -> bool {
+        if self.address_family != other.address_family || other.length < self.length {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let full_bytes = (self.length / 8) as usize;
+        if self.prefix[..full_bytes] != other.prefix[..full_bytes] {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let rem_bits = self.length % 8;
+        if rem_bits == 0 {
+            return true;
+        }
+        let mask = u8::MAX << (8 - rem_bits);
+        (self.prefix[full_bytes] & mask) == (other.prefix[full_bytes] & mask)
+    }
+
     pub fn to_wire(&self, _: &ParserContext, out: &mut BytesMut) -> Result<(), ToWireError> {
         // Verify that there is enough space to write the IpPrefix.
         if out.remaining() < (self.prefix.len() + 1) {
@@ -205,6 +224,22 @@ mod tests {
         32
     );
 
+    #[test]
+    fn contains_covers_more_specifics() {
+        let p = |s: &str| IpPrefix::try_from(s).unwrap();
+        assert!(p("10.100.0.0/16").contains(&p("10.100.7.0/24")));
+        assert!(p("10.100.0.0/16").contains(&p("10.100.0.0/16")));
+        assert!(!p("10.100.0.0/16").contains(&p("10.101.0.0/24")));
+        assert!(!p("10.100.7.0/24").contains(&p("10.100.0.0/16")));
+        assert!(p("0.0.0.0/0").contains(&p("192.0.2.0/24")));
+        // Non-byte-aligned boundary.
+        assert!(p("10.100.0.0/19").contains(&p("10.100.31.0/24")));
+        assert!(!p("10.100.0.0/19").contains(&p("10.100.32.0/24")));
+        // Cross-family never matches.
+        assert!(!p("::/0").contains(&p("10.0.0.0/8")));
+        assert!(p("2001:db8::/32").contains(&p("2001:db8:cafe::/48")));
+    }
+
     verify_roundtrip!(
         verify_roundtrip_ipv6_0,
         "::/0",

crates/rib/Cargo.toml

@@ -5,5 +5,7 @@ edition.workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 bgp-packet.workspace = true
 bgp-primitives.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+thiserror.workspace = true
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["full"] }
 tracing.workspace = true

crates/rib/src/adj_rib_in.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ const CMD_CHANNEL_CAPACITY: usize = 256;
 enum RibCommand {
     Announce { peer: PeerId, prefix: IpPrefix, entry: RibEntry },
     Withdraw { peer: PeerId, prefix: IpPrefix },
+    /// Drop everything learned from `peer`, e.g. because its session ended.
+    RemovePeer { peer: PeerId, reply: oneshot::Sender<usize> },
     Snapshot { reply: oneshot::Sender<Vec<SnapshotEntry>> },
 }
 
@@ -42,6 +44,15 @@ impl AdjRibIn {
         let _ = self.tx.send(RibCommand::Withdraw { peer, prefix }).await;
     }
 
+    /// Removes every route learned from `peer`, emitting a
+    /// [`RibEvent::Withdrawn`] for each (RFC 4271 §8.2.2: routes from a
+    /// terminated session are deleted). Returns how many were removed.
+    pub async fn remove_peer(&self, peer: PeerId) -> usize {
+        let (reply_tx, reply_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let _ = self.tx.send(RibCommand::RemovePeer { peer, reply: reply_tx }).await;
+        reply_rx.await.unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+
     /// Returns a point-in-time snapshot of all routes in the RIB.
     pub async fn snapshot(&self) -> Vec<SnapshotEntry> {
         let (reply_tx, reply_rx) = oneshot::channel();
@@ -64,20 +75,25 @@ async fn run_actor(mut rx: mpsc::Receiver<RibCommand>, events: broadcast::Sender
 
     while let Some(cmd) = rx.recv().await {
         match cmd {
+            // Send errors below mean there are no subscribers, which is fine.
             RibCommand::Announce { peer, prefix, entry } => {
                 table.insert((peer, prefix.clone()), entry.clone());
-                if let Err(e) = events.send(RibEvent::Announced { peer, prefix, entry }) {
-                    // No active subscribers — not an error.
-                    let _ = e;
-                }
+                let _ = events.send(RibEvent::Announced { peer, prefix, entry });
             }
             RibCommand::Withdraw { peer, prefix } => {
                 if table.remove(&(peer, prefix.clone())).is_some() {
-                    if let Err(e) = events.send(RibEvent::Withdrawn { peer, prefix }) {
-                        let _ = e;
-                    }
+                    let _ = events.send(RibEvent::Withdrawn { peer, prefix });
                 }
             }
+            RibCommand::RemovePeer { peer, reply } => {
+                let prefixes: Vec<IpPrefix> =
+                    table.keys().filter(|(p, _)| *p == peer).map(|(_, prefix)| prefix.clone()).collect();
+                for prefix in &prefixes {
+                    table.remove(&(peer, prefix.clone()));
+                    let _ = events.send(RibEvent::Withdrawn { peer, prefix: prefix.clone() });
+                }
+                let _ = reply.send(prefixes.len());
+            }
             RibCommand::Snapshot { reply } => {
                 let snap = table
                     .iter()

crates/rib/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 mod adj_rib_in;
 mod entry;
 mod event;
+mod local_rib;
 
 pub use adj_rib_in::AdjRibIn;
 pub use entry::{PeerId, RibEntry, SnapshotEntry};
 pub use event::RibEvent;
+pub use local_rib::{LocalRib, LocalRibError, LocalRibEvent, LocalRibPolicy, LocalRoute, LocalRouteAttrs};

crates/rib/src/local_rib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+//! Locally originated routes (the "Loc-RIB" of routes this router announces
+//! on its own behalf, as opposed to routes learned from peers).
+//!
+//! The actor stores one route per prefix together with the attributes chosen
+//! by whoever announced it. It does not know about peers or sessions: the
+//! server subscribes to [`LocalRibEvent`]s and turns them into UPDATEs.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::time::SystemTime;
+
+use bgp_packet::message::{LargeCommunity, OriginPathAttribute};
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use tokio::sync::{broadcast, mpsc, oneshot};
+use tracing::warn;
+
+const EVENT_CHANNEL_CAPACITY: usize = 1024;
+const CMD_CHANNEL_CAPACITY: usize = 256;
+
+/// User-selectable attributes for a locally originated route.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct LocalRouteAttrs {
+    pub origin: OriginPathAttribute,
+    /// Number of *additional* copies of the local ASN to prepend to the
+    /// AS_PATH. `0` yields the plain `[local_asn]` path.
+    pub prepend: u8,
+    pub med: Option<u32>,
+    /// RFC 1997 standard communities as `(high, low)` 16-bit halves.
+    pub communities: Vec<(u16, u16)>,
+    /// RFC 8092 large communities.
+    pub large_communities: Vec<LargeCommunity>,
+}
+
+impl Default for LocalRouteAttrs {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            origin: OriginPathAttribute::IGP,
+            prepend: 0,
+            med: None,
+            communities: vec![],
+            large_communities: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A route originated by this router.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct LocalRoute {
+    pub prefix: IpPrefix,
+    /// Free-form identity of whoever announced the route (e.g. a student
+    /// name). Used to stop one owner replacing or withdrawing another's route.
+    pub owner: String,
+    pub attrs: LocalRouteAttrs,
+    pub announced_at: SystemTime,
+}
+
+impl LocalRoute {
+    pub fn new(prefix: IpPrefix, owner: impl Into<String>, attrs: LocalRouteAttrs) -> Self {
+        Self { prefix, owner: owner.into(), attrs, announced_at: SystemTime::now() }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Limits on what may be announced. Enforced inside the actor so every caller
+/// (HTTP API, tests, future CLI) goes through the same checks.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct LocalRibPolicy {
+    /// A route is accepted only if it is covered by at least one of these
+    /// prefixes. Empty means no restriction.
+    pub allowed_prefixes: Vec<IpPrefix>,
+    /// Maximum number of routes a single owner may hold. `0` means unlimited.
+    pub max_routes_per_owner: usize,
+}
+
+impl LocalRibPolicy {
+    fn allows(&self, prefix: &IpPrefix) -> bool {
+        self.allowed_prefixes.is_empty() || self.allowed_prefixes.iter().any(|p| p.contains(prefix))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum LocalRibError {
+    #[error("prefix {0} is not covered by the allowed prefixes")]
+    NotAllowed(IpPrefix),
+    #[error("owner {owner:?} already has {limit} routes")]
+    OwnerLimit { owner: String, limit: usize },
+    #[error("prefix {prefix} is owned by {owner:?}")]
+    OwnedByOther { prefix: IpPrefix, owner: String },
+    #[error("local RIB actor has stopped")]
+    Closed,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum LocalRibEvent {
+    /// A route was added or its attributes replaced.
+    Announced(LocalRoute),
+    Withdrawn { prefix: IpPrefix },
+}
+
+enum Command {
+    Announce { route: LocalRoute, reply: oneshot::Sender<Result<(), LocalRibError>> },
+    Withdraw {
+        prefix: IpPrefix,
+        requester: Option<String>,
+        reply: oneshot::Sender<Result<Option<LocalRoute>, LocalRibError>>,
+    },
+    Snapshot { reply: oneshot::Sender<Vec<LocalRoute>> },
+}
+
+/// Handle to the local RIB actor. Cheap to clone; all clones share one table.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct LocalRib {
+    tx: mpsc::Sender<Command>,
+    events: broadcast::Sender<LocalRibEvent>,
+}
+
+impl LocalRib {
+    pub fn spawn(policy: LocalRibPolicy) -> Self {
+        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(CMD_CHANNEL_CAPACITY);
+        let (events, _) = broadcast::channel(EVENT_CHANNEL_CAPACITY);
+        tokio::spawn(run_actor(rx, events.clone(), policy));
+        Self { tx, events }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a route, or replaces the attributes of an existing route with the
+    /// same prefix and owner.
+    pub async fn announce(&self, route: LocalRoute) -> Result<(), LocalRibError> {
+        let (reply, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        self.tx
+            .send(Command::Announce { route, reply })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| LocalRibError::Closed)?;
+        rx.await.map_err(|_| LocalRibError::Closed)?
+    }
+
+    /// Removes a route. `requester` must match the route's owner; pass `None`
+    /// to withdraw regardless of owner (administrative override). Returns the
+    /// removed route, or `None` if the prefix was not present.
+    pub async fn withdraw(
+        &self,
+        prefix: IpPrefix,
+        requester: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<LocalRoute>, LocalRibError> {
+        let (reply, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        self.tx
+            .send(Command::Withdraw { prefix, requester: requester.map(str::to_owned), reply })
+            .await
+            .map_err(|_| LocalRibError::Closed)?;
+        rx.await.map_err(|_| LocalRibError::Closed)?
+    }
+
+    /// Point-in-time copy of every route, in no particular order.
+    pub async fn snapshot(&self) -> Vec<LocalRoute> {
+        let (reply, rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let _ = self.tx.send(Command::Snapshot { reply }).await;
+        rx.await.unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    /// Subscribe to mutations. See [`crate::AdjRibIn::subscribe`] for lag
+    /// semantics.
+    pub fn subscribe(&self) -> broadcast::Receiver<LocalRibEvent> {
+        self.events.subscribe()
+    }
+}
+
+async fn run_actor(
+    mut rx: mpsc::Receiver<Command>,
+    events: broadcast::Sender<LocalRibEvent>,
+    policy: LocalRibPolicy,
+) {
+    let mut table: HashMap<IpPrefix, LocalRoute> = HashMap::new();
+
+    while let Some(cmd) = rx.recv().await {
+        match cmd {
+            Command::Announce { route, reply } => {
+                let result = check_announce(&table, &policy, &route).map(|()| {
+                    table.insert(route.prefix.clone(), route.clone());
+                    let _ = events.send(LocalRibEvent::Announced(route));
+                });
+                let _ = reply.send(result);
+            }
+            Command::Withdraw { prefix, requester, reply } => {
+                let result = match (table.get(&prefix), requester) {
+                    (Some(existing), Some(req)) if existing.owner != req => {
+                        Err(LocalRibError::OwnedByOther {
+                            prefix: prefix.clone(),
+                            owner: existing.owner.clone(),
+                        })
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        let removed = table.remove(&prefix);
+                        if removed.is_some() {
+                            let _ = events.send(LocalRibEvent::Withdrawn { prefix });
+                        }
+                        Ok(removed)
+                    }
+                };
+                let _ = reply.send(result);
+            }
+            Command::Snapshot { reply } => {
+                if reply.send(table.values().cloned().collect()).is_err() {
+                    warn!("Snapshot reply channel closed before send");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn check_announce(
+    table: &HashMap<IpPrefix, LocalRoute>,
+    policy: &LocalRibPolicy,
+    route: &LocalRoute,
+) -> Result<(), LocalRibError> {
+    if !policy.allows(&route.prefix) {
+        return Err(LocalRibError::NotAllowed(route.prefix.clone()));
+    }
+    if let Some(existing) = table.get(&route.prefix) {
+        if existing.owner != route.owner {
+            return Err(LocalRibError::OwnedByOther {
+                prefix: route.prefix.clone(),
+                owner: existing.owner.clone(),
+            });
+        }
+        // Replacing our own route never changes the per-owner count.
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    if policy.max_routes_per_owner > 0 {
+        let held = table.values().filter(|r| r.owner == route.owner).count();
+        if held >= policy.max_routes_per_owner {
+            return Err(LocalRibError::OwnerLimit {
+                owner: route.owner.clone(),
+                limit: policy.max_routes_per_owner,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn prefix(s: &str) -> IpPrefix {
+        IpPrefix::try_from(s).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn route(p: &str, owner: &str) -> LocalRoute {
+        LocalRoute::new(prefix(p), owner, LocalRouteAttrs::default())
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn announce_and_withdraw_emit_events() {
+        let rib = LocalRib::spawn(LocalRibPolicy::default());
+        let mut events = rib.subscribe();
+
+        rib.announce(route("10.0.0.0/24", "alice")).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(matches!(events.recv().await.unwrap(), LocalRibEvent::Announced(r) if r.prefix == prefix("10.0.0.0/24")));
+        assert_eq!(rib.snapshot().await.len(), 1);
+
+        let removed = rib.withdraw(prefix("10.0.0.0/24"), Some("alice")).await.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(removed.unwrap().owner, "alice");
+        assert!(matches!(events.recv().await.unwrap(), LocalRibEvent::Withdrawn { prefix: p } if p == prefix("10.0.0.0/24")));
+        assert!(rib.snapshot().await.is_empty());
+
+        // Withdrawing an absent prefix is a no-op, not an error.
+        assert_eq!(rib.withdraw(prefix("10.0.0.0/24"), None).await.unwrap(), None);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn policy_allowlist_is_enforced() {
+        let rib = LocalRib::spawn(LocalRibPolicy {
+            allowed_prefixes: vec![prefix("10.100.0.0/16")],
+            max_routes_per_owner: 0,
+        });
+        rib.announce(route("10.100.3.0/24", "alice")).await.unwrap();
+        let err = rib.announce(route("192.0.2.0/24", "alice")).await.unwrap_err();
+        assert_eq!(err, LocalRibError::NotAllowed(prefix("192.0.2.0/24")));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn owner_limit_ignores_replacements() {
+        let rib = LocalRib::spawn(LocalRibPolicy { allowed_prefixes: vec![], max_routes_per_owner: 1 });
+        rib.announce(route("10.0.0.0/24", "alice")).await.unwrap();
+        // Replacing the same prefix is fine.
+        rib.announce(route("10.0.0.0/24", "alice")).await.unwrap();
+        let err = rib.announce(route("10.0.1.0/24", "alice")).await.unwrap_err();
+        assert!(matches!(err, LocalRibError::OwnerLimit { limit: 1, .. }));
+        // Other owners are unaffected.
+        rib.announce(route("10.0.1.0/24", "bob")).await.unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn other_owner_cannot_replace_or_withdraw() {
+        let rib = LocalRib::spawn(LocalRibPolicy::default());
+        rib.announce(route("10.0.0.0/24", "alice")).await.unwrap();
+
+        let err = rib.announce(route("10.0.0.0/24", "bob")).await.unwrap_err();
+        assert!(matches!(err, LocalRibError::OwnedByOther { .. }));
+
+        let err = rib.withdraw(prefix("10.0.0.0/24"), Some("bob")).await.unwrap_err();
+        assert!(matches!(err, LocalRibError::OwnedByOther { .. }));
+
+        // Administrative override works.
+        assert!(rib.withdraw(prefix("10.0.0.0/24"), None).await.unwrap().is_some());
+    }
+}

crates/server/Cargo.toml

@@ -9,12 +9,17 @@ bgp-rib.workspace = true
 bytes.workspace = true
 clap.workspace = true
 futures.workspace = true
+libc.workspace = true
 eyre.workspace = true
 prometheus.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 tracing-subscriber.workspace = true
 tracing.workspace = true
 protobuf.workspace = true
+thiserror.workspace = true
 
 [build-dependencies]
 protobuf-codegen.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["test-util"] }

crates/server/build.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ use protobuf_codegen::Codegen;
 
 fn main() {
     Codegen::new()
+        // Parse the .proto in pure Rust so building needs no `protoc` binary
+        // on the machine (routers and minimal containers rarely have one).
+        .pure()
         .input("proto/config.proto")
         .includes(&["proto"])
         .cargo_out_dir("protos")

crates/server/proto/config.proto

@@ -17,6 +17,53 @@ message BgpConfig {
 
   // Peers configured on this server.
   repeated Peer peers = 4;
+
+  // Limits on routes originated locally (e.g. via the demo UI).
+  LocalRoutePolicy local_route_policy = 5;
+
+  // Where to serve the HTTP API, status page and metrics. The port is
+  // required. Unset disables the HTTP server.
+  TcpEndpoint http_endpoint = 6;
+
+  // Initial delay between attempts to connect to a configured peer, in
+  // seconds. Doubles after each failure up to two minutes. Defaults to 5.
+  uint32 connect_retry_seconds = 7;
+
+  // Connection collisions (RFC 4271 §6.8) against a session that is already
+  // Established are, by default, resolved by closing the new connection.
+  // When true they are resolved like any other collision: the connection
+  // initiated by the higher BGP Identifier survives, and a second connection
+  // opened by the same side replaces the first. This lets a peer that
+  // restarted take over from a session we have not yet noticed is dead,
+  // instead of being refused until the hold timer expires.
+  bool collision_detect_established_state = 8;
+
+  // Watch for pings (ICMPv6 echo requests) sent to the lab prefixes and show
+  // them on the status page. Unset disables it.
+  PingMonitor ping_monitor = 9;
+}
+
+// Shows who is pinging addresses that this host answers for.
+//
+// The host must already own the addresses, e.g. through an AnyIP route
+// ("ip -6 route add local 2001:db8::/40 dev lo"); the kernel keeps answering
+// the pings and we only receive a copy. Opening the raw ICMPv6 socket this
+// needs takes CAP_NET_RAW on Linux. IPv6 only.
+message PingMonitor {
+  // Only pings to destinations inside these prefixes are shown. Defaults to
+  // the IPv6 prefixes in local_route_policy.allowed_prefixes.
+  repeated string prefixes = 1;
+}
+
+// Limits on locally originated routes.
+message LocalRoutePolicy {
+  // A locally originated route is accepted only if it is covered by one of
+  // these prefixes, written in CIDR notation (e.g. "10.100.0.0/16").
+  // Empty means any prefix may be announced.
+  repeated string allowed_prefixes = 1;
+
+  // Maximum number of routes a single owner may announce. 0 means unlimited.
+  uint32 max_routes_per_owner = 2;
 }
 
 // An IP address and port pair.
@@ -41,4 +88,11 @@ message Peer {
   // Hold time to advertise in the OPEN message, in seconds (RFC 4271 §4.2).
   // Must be 0 or >= 3. Defaults to 90 when unset.
   uint32 hold_time_seconds = 4;
+
+  // Source IP address for connections we open to this peer. It is also the
+  // next hop of the routes we send it. Required when the peer identifies us
+  // by address and the host has several, e.g. when both speakers run on the
+  // same machine. Must be the same address family as the endpoint. Unset
+  // lets the operating system choose.
+  string local_address = 5;
 }

crates/server/src/advertise.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+//! Turns locally originated routes into UPDATE messages for every established
+//! session.
+//!
+//! The advertiser task listens for [`LocalRibEvent`]s and [`SessionEvent`]s.
+//! A route change is fanned out to all live sessions; a new session receives
+//! the full local table. Sending the same route twice is harmless (BGP treats
+//! a re-announcement as an implicit replace), so the two event streams need
+//! no coordination beyond being handled by one task.
+
+use std::net::IpAddr;
+
+use bgp_packet::message::{
+    AsPathAttribute, CommunitiesPathAttribute, LargeCommunitiesPathAttribute, Message,
+    MpReachNlriPathAttribute, MpUnreachNlriPathAttribute, MultiExitDiscPathAttribute,
+    NextHopPathAttribute, NlriNextHop, PathAttribute, UpdateMessage,
+};
+use bgp_primitives::constants::{AddressFamilyId, SubsequentAfi};
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
+use bgp_rib::{LocalRib, LocalRibEvent, LocalRoute};
+use tokio::sync::broadcast::error::RecvError;
+use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
+use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
+
+use crate::session::{SessionEvent, SessionHandle, SessionRegistry};
+
+pub fn spawn_advertiser(
+    local_rib: LocalRib,
+    registry: SessionRegistry,
+    local_asn: u32,
+) -> JoinHandle<()> {
+    tokio::spawn(run(local_rib, registry, local_asn))
+}
+
+async fn run(local_rib: LocalRib, registry: SessionRegistry, local_asn: u32) {
+    let mut rib_events = local_rib.subscribe();
+    let mut session_events = registry.subscribe();
+
+    loop {
+        tokio::select! {
+            ev = rib_events.recv() => match ev {
+                Ok(LocalRibEvent::Announced(route)) => {
+                    for session in registry.list() {
+                        send_route(&session, &route, local_asn).await;
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(LocalRibEvent::Withdrawn { prefix }) => {
+                    for session in registry.list() {
+                        send_withdraw(&session, &prefix).await;
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(RecvError::Lagged(n)) => {
+                    warn!(missed = n, "Advertiser lagged on local RIB events, resyncing all sessions");
+                    resync_all(&local_rib, &registry, local_asn).await;
+                }
+                Err(RecvError::Closed) => return,
+            },
+            ev = session_events.recv() => match ev {
+                Ok(SessionEvent::Up(session)) => {
+                    let routes = local_rib.snapshot().await;
+                    info!(peer = %session.peer, routes = routes.len(), "Session up, sending local routes");
+                    for route in &routes {
+                        send_route(&session, route, local_asn).await;
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(SessionEvent::RefreshRequested(session)) => {
+                    let routes = local_rib.snapshot().await;
+                    info!(peer = %session.peer, routes = routes.len(), "Route refresh requested, re-sending local routes");
+                    for route in &routes {
+                        send_route(&session, route, local_asn).await;
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(SessionEvent::Down(_)) => {}
+                Err(RecvError::Lagged(n)) => {
+                    warn!(missed = n, "Advertiser lagged on session events, resyncing all sessions");
+                    resync_all(&local_rib, &registry, local_asn).await;
+                }
+                Err(RecvError::Closed) => return,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn resync_all(local_rib: &LocalRib, registry: &SessionRegistry, local_asn: u32) {
+    let routes = local_rib.snapshot().await;
+    for session in registry.list() {
+        for route in &routes {
+            send_route(&session, route, local_asn).await;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn send_route(session: &SessionHandle, route: &LocalRoute, local_asn: u32) {
+    match build_announce(route, local_asn, session.local_addr.ip()) {
+        Some(update) => {
+            debug!(peer = %session.peer, prefix = %route.prefix, "Announcing local route");
+            if let Err(e) = session.send(Message::Update(update)).await {
+                warn!(peer = %session.peer, err = %e, "Failed to queue announce");
+            }
+        }
+        None => debug!(
+            peer = %session.peer,
+            prefix = %route.prefix,
+            "Skipping route: address family does not match session transport"
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+async fn send_withdraw(session: &SessionHandle, prefix: &IpPrefix) {
+    debug!(peer = %session.peer, %prefix, "Withdrawing local route");
+    if let Err(e) = session.send(Message::Update(build_withdraw(prefix))).await {
+        warn!(peer = %session.peer, err = %e, "Failed to queue withdraw");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Builds the UPDATE announcing `route` with `next_hop` as the next hop.
+///
+/// Returns `None` when the prefix family does not match the next-hop family:
+/// carrying IPv4 NLRI over an IPv6 next hop (RFC 8950) or vice versa is not
+/// supported yet.
+pub fn build_announce(route: &LocalRoute, local_asn: u32, next_hop: IpAddr) -> Option<UpdateMessage> {
+    let attrs = &route.attrs;
+
+    // Path attributes in ascending type-code order, as most implementations
+    // expect them.
+    let mut path_attributes = vec![
+        PathAttribute::Origin(attrs.origin),
+        AsPathAttribute::from_asns(vec![local_asn; 1 + attrs.prepend as usize]),
+    ];
+
+    let mut announced_routes = vec![];
+    match (route.prefix.address_family, next_hop) {
+        (AddressFamilyId::Ipv4, IpAddr::V4(nh)) => {
+            path_attributes.push(PathAttribute::NextHop(NextHopPathAttribute(nh)));
+            announced_routes.push(route.prefix.clone());
+        }
+        (AddressFamilyId::Ipv6, IpAddr::V6(_)) => {}
+        _ => return None,
+    }
+
+    if let Some(med) = attrs.med {
+        path_attributes.push(PathAttribute::MultiExitDisc(MultiExitDiscPathAttribute(med)));
+    }
+    if !attrs.communities.is_empty() {
+        path_attributes.push(PathAttribute::Communities(CommunitiesPathAttribute(
+            attrs.communities.clone(),
+        )));
+    }
+    if let (AddressFamilyId::Ipv6, IpAddr::V6(nh)) = (route.prefix.address_family, next_hop) {
+        path_attributes.push(PathAttribute::MpReachNlri(MpReachNlriPathAttribute {
+            afi: AddressFamilyId::Ipv6,
+            safi: SubsequentAfi::Unicast,
+            next_hop: NlriNextHop::Ipv6(nh),
+            prefixes: vec![route.prefix.clone()],
+        }));
+    }
+    if !attrs.large_communities.is_empty() {
+        path_attributes.push(PathAttribute::LargeCommunities(LargeCommunitiesPathAttribute {
+            communities: attrs.large_communities.clone(),
+        }));
+    }
+
+    Some(UpdateMessage { withdrawn_routes: vec![], path_attributes, announced_routes })
+}
+
+/// Builds the UPDATE withdrawing `prefix`.
+pub fn build_withdraw(prefix: &IpPrefix) -> UpdateMessage {
+    match prefix.address_family {
+        AddressFamilyId::Ipv4 => UpdateMessage {
+            withdrawn_routes: vec![prefix.clone()],
+            path_attributes: vec![],
+            announced_routes: vec![],
+        },
+        AddressFamilyId::Ipv6 => UpdateMessage {
+            withdrawn_routes: vec![],
+            path_attributes: vec![PathAttribute::MpUnreachNlri(MpUnreachNlriPathAttribute {
+                afi: AddressFamilyId::Ipv6,
+                safi: SubsequentAfi::Unicast,
+                prefixes: vec![prefix.clone()],
+            })],
+            announced_routes: vec![],
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr};
+
+    use bgp_packet::message::{LargeCommunity, OriginPathAttribute};
+    use bgp_primitives::parser::ParserContext;
+    use bgp_rib::LocalRouteAttrs;
+    use bytes::BytesMut;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn prefix(s: &str) -> IpPrefix {
+        IpPrefix::try_from(s).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ipv4_announce_has_expected_attributes_and_roundtrips() {
+        let route = LocalRoute::new(
+            prefix("10.100.1.0/24"),
+            "alice",
+            LocalRouteAttrs {
+                origin: OriginPathAttribute::IGP,
+                prepend: 2,
+                med: Some(50),
+                communities: vec![(65000, 100), (65535, 65281)],
+                large_communities: vec![LargeCommunity { global_admin: 65000, data_1: 1, data_2: 2 }],
+            },
+        );
+        let update = build_announce(&route, 65000, IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 1))).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(update.announced_routes, vec![prefix("10.100.1.0/24")]);
+        assert!(update.withdrawn_routes.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(
+            update.path_attributes,
+            vec![
+                PathAttribute::Origin(OriginPathAttribute::IGP),
+                AsPathAttribute::from_asns(vec![65000, 65000, 65000]),
+                PathAttribute::NextHop(NextHopPathAttribute(Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 1))),
+                PathAttribute::MultiExitDisc(MultiExitDiscPathAttribute(50)),
+                PathAttribute::Communities(CommunitiesPathAttribute(vec![(65000, 100), (65535, 65281)])),
+                PathAttribute::LargeCommunities(LargeCommunitiesPathAttribute {
+                    communities: vec![LargeCommunity { global_admin: 65000, data_1: 1, data_2: 2 }],
+                }),
+            ]
+        );
+
+        // Serialise and parse back to make sure the wire encoding is sound.
+        let ctx = ParserContext { four_octet_asn: Some(true), address_family: None };
+        let msg = Message::Update(update.clone());
+        let mut buf = BytesMut::new();
+        msg.to_wire(&ctx, &mut buf).unwrap();
+        let (_, parsed) = Message::from_wire(&ctx, &buf).unwrap();
+        let Message::Update(parsed) = parsed else { panic!("expected UPDATE") };
+        assert_eq!(parsed, update);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ipv6_announce_uses_mp_reach() {
+        let route = LocalRoute::new(prefix("2001:db8:1::/48"), "alice", LocalRouteAttrs::default());
+        let nh = Ipv6Addr::new(0x2001, 0xdb8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1);
+        let update = build_announce(&route, 65000, IpAddr::V6(nh)).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(update.announced_routes.is_empty());
+        assert!(!update.path_attributes.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, PathAttribute::NextHop(_))));
+        assert!(update.path_attributes.iter().any(|a| matches!(
+            a,
+            PathAttribute::MpReachNlri(MpReachNlriPathAttribute { next_hop: NlriNextHop::Ipv6(h), prefixes, .. })
+                if *h == nh && *prefixes == vec![prefix("2001:db8:1::/48")]
+        )));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn family_mismatch_is_skipped() {
+        let v6 = LocalRoute::new(prefix("2001:db8::/32"), "a", LocalRouteAttrs::default());
+        assert!(build_announce(&v6, 65000, IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST)).is_none());
+        let v4 = LocalRoute::new(prefix("10.0.0.0/8"), "a", LocalRouteAttrs::default());
+        assert!(build_announce(&v4, 65000, IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST)).is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn withdraw_by_family() {
+        let v4 = build_withdraw(&prefix("10.0.0.0/8"));
+        assert_eq!(v4.withdrawn_routes, vec![prefix("10.0.0.0/8")]);
+        assert!(v4.path_attributes.is_empty());
+
+        let v6 = build_withdraw(&prefix("2001:db8::/32"));
+        assert!(v6.withdrawn_routes.is_empty());
+        assert!(matches!(&v6.path_attributes[..], [PathAttribute::MpUnreachNlri(m)] if m.prefixes == vec![prefix("2001:db8::/32")]));
+    }
+}

crates/server/src/collision.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+//! Connection collision detection (RFC 4271 §6.8).
+//!
+//! Two speakers that dial each other can end up with two TCP connections.
+//! Exactly one must survive and both ends must pick the same one: the
+//! connection *initiated by the speaker with the higher BGP Identifier*.
+//! The other is closed with Cease / Connection Collision Resolution.
+//!
+//! This cannot be a check local to one connection: the rival connection is
+//! usually still mid-handshake (so it is not in the session registry yet),
+//! and sometimes it is the rival, running in another task, that must close.
+//! Hence one small shared map, keyed by the peer's BGP Identifier, holding
+//! the single connection currently preferred for that peer and a way to
+//! tell it to stop.
+//!
+//! A collision with an *Established* connection closes the new one, unless
+//! `detect_established` is set (the RFC's optional
+//! `CollisionDetectEstablishedState`), which lets a restarted peer replace a
+//! session we have not yet noticed is dead. If both connections were opened
+//! by the same side the newer wins: the initiator has abandoned the older.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;
+
+use crate::metrics::COLLISIONS;
+
+/// Which side opened the TCP connection.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Direction {
+    /// The peer connected to us.
+    Inbound,
+    /// We connected to the peer.
+    Outbound,
+}
+
+impl Direction {
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Direction::Inbound => "inbound",
+            Direction::Outbound => "outbound",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct Entry {
+    id: u64,
+    direction: Direction,
+    established: bool,
+    kill: Option<oneshot::Sender<()>>,
+}
+
+/// True if the new connection is the one to close.
+fn new_loses(
+    local_id: Ipv4Addr,
+    remote_id: Ipv4Addr,
+    existing: &Entry,
+    new: Direction,
+    detect_established: bool,
+) -> bool {
+    if existing.established && !detect_established {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if existing.direction == new {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Identifiers compare as unsigned 32-bit integers.
+    let keep = if u32::from(local_id) > u32::from(remote_id) { Direction::Outbound } else { Direction::Inbound };
+    new != keep
+}
+
+/// Shared by every connection of one server.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct CollisionTable {
+    entries: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<Ipv4Addr, Entry>>>,
+    next_id: Arc<AtomicU64>,
+    detect_established: bool,
+}
+
+impl CollisionTable {
+    pub fn new(detect_established: bool) -> Self {
+        Self { entries: Default::default(), next_id: Default::default(), detect_established }
+    }
+
+    /// Call when a connection receives the peer's OPEN. `None` means this
+    /// connection lost and must be closed with Cease / Connection Collision
+    /// Resolution. Otherwise any rival has been told to close and this
+    /// connection holds the slot until the guard drops.
+    pub fn admit(&self, local_id: Ipv4Addr, remote_id: Ipv4Addr, direction: Direction) -> Option<ConnectionGuard> {
+        let mut entries = self.entries.lock().expect("collision table poisoned");
+        if let Some(existing) = entries.get_mut(&remote_id) {
+            if new_loses(local_id, remote_id, existing, direction, self.detect_established) {
+                COLLISIONS.with_label_values(&["new"]).inc();
+                return None;
+            }
+            if let Some(kill) = existing.kill.take() {
+                COLLISIONS.with_label_values(&["existing"]).inc();
+                let _ = kill.send(());
+            }
+        }
+        let id = self.next_id.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let (kill, killed) = oneshot::channel();
+        entries.insert(remote_id, Entry { id, direction, established: false, kill: Some(kill) });
+        Some(ConnectionGuard { table: self.clone(), remote_id, id, killed })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Holds a connection's slot in the table; releases it on drop.
+pub struct ConnectionGuard {
+    table: CollisionTable,
+    remote_id: Ipv4Addr,
+    id: u64,
+    /// Completes when a later connection won against this one; the owner
+    /// must then send Cease / Connection Collision Resolution and close.
+    pub killed: oneshot::Receiver<()>,
+}
+
+impl ConnectionGuard {
+    pub fn set_established(&self) {
+        let mut entries = self.table.entries.lock().expect("collision table poisoned");
+        if let Some(e) = entries.get_mut(&self.remote_id).filter(|e| e.id == self.id) {
+            e.established = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for ConnectionGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // A connection that lost has already been replaced in the map; only
+        // remove the slot if it is still ours.
+        let mut entries = self.table.entries.lock().expect("collision table poisoned");
+        if entries.get(&self.remote_id).is_some_and(|e| e.id == self.id) {
+            entries.remove(&self.remote_id);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use Direction::*;
+
+    const LOW: Ipv4Addr = Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 1);
+    const HIGH: Ipv4Addr = Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 1);
+
+    fn loses(local: Ipv4Addr, remote: Ipv4Addr, existing: Direction, established: bool, new: Direction, detect: bool) -> bool {
+        let e = Entry { id: 0, direction: existing, established, kill: None };
+        new_loses(local, remote, &e, new, detect)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn higher_identifier_keeps_the_connection_it_initiated() {
+        // We are HIGH: our outbound connection survives.
+        assert!(loses(HIGH, LOW, Outbound, false, Inbound, false));
+        assert!(!loses(HIGH, LOW, Inbound, false, Outbound, false));
+        // We are LOW: the peer's connection (inbound to us) survives.
+        assert!(!loses(LOW, HIGH, Outbound, false, Inbound, false));
+        assert!(loses(LOW, HIGH, Inbound, false, Outbound, false));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn both_ends_agree() {
+        // A and B dial each other. Each end holds its own dial as the
+        // existing (Outbound) connection and sees the other's dial arrive as
+        // new (Inbound). Exactly one of the two dials may be closed, so the
+        // ends must give opposite answers to "close the other side's dial?".
+        for (a, b) in [(LOW, HIGH), (HIGH, LOW)] {
+            let a_closes_dial_from_b = loses(a, b, Outbound, false, Inbound, false);
+            let b_closes_dial_from_a = loses(b, a, Outbound, false, Inbound, false);
+            assert_ne!(a_closes_dial_from_b, b_closes_dial_from_a, "ends disagree for a={a} b={b}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn established_wins_unless_enabled() {
+        for new in [Inbound, Outbound] {
+            for existing in [Inbound, Outbound] {
+                assert!(loses(LOW, HIGH, existing, true, new, false));
+                assert!(loses(HIGH, LOW, existing, true, new, false));
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(!loses(LOW, HIGH, Outbound, true, Inbound, true));
+        assert!(loses(HIGH, LOW, Outbound, true, Inbound, true));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn same_direction_newer_wins() {
+        assert!(!loses(LOW, HIGH, Inbound, false, Inbound, false));
+        assert!(!loses(HIGH, LOW, Inbound, false, Inbound, false));
+        assert!(loses(LOW, HIGH, Inbound, true, Inbound, false));
+        assert!(!loses(LOW, HIGH, Inbound, true, Inbound, true));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn table_signals_loser_and_releases_slots() {
+        let table = CollisionTable::new(false);
+        // We are LOW: outbound first, then the peer's inbound wins.
+        let mut out = table.admit(LOW, HIGH, Outbound).unwrap();
+        let inb = table.admit(LOW, HIGH, Inbound).unwrap();
+        assert!(out.killed.try_recv().is_ok());
+        // The loser's guard dropping must not free the winner's slot.
+        drop(out);
+        inb.set_established();
+        assert!(table.admit(LOW, HIGH, Outbound).is_none());
+
+        // A different identifier never collides.
+        assert!(table.admit(LOW, Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 2), Inbound).is_some());
+
+        // Once the survivor goes away the identifier is free again.
+        drop(inb);
+        assert!(table.admit(LOW, HIGH, Outbound).is_some());
+    }
+}

crates/server/src/config.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
 use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::time::Duration;
 
-use eyre::{Result, bail, eyre};
+use bgp_primitives::constants::AddressFamilyId;
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
+use bgp_rib::LocalRibPolicy;
+use eyre::{Result, WrapErr, bail, eyre};
 
 use crate::proto::config::BgpConfig;
 
 const DEFAULT_BGP_PORT: u16 = 179;
 const DEFAULT_HOLD_TIME_SECS: u16 = 90;
+const DEFAULT_CONNECT_RETRY: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
 
 /// Validated, Rust-native server configuration derived from the proto config.
 pub struct Config {
@@ -16,13 +21,31 @@ pub struct Config {
     pub hold_time_secs: u16,
     pub listen_endpoints: Vec<SocketAddr>,
     pub peers: Vec<PeerConfig>,
+    /// Initial delay between attempts to connect to a configured peer;
+    /// doubles on each failure.
+    pub connect_retry: Duration,
+    /// Resolve collisions against Established sessions by BGP Identifier
+    /// instead of always closing the new connection (RFC 4271 §8.1.1
+    /// `CollisionDetectEstablishedState`).
+    pub collision_detect_established_state: bool,
+    /// Limits on locally originated routes.
+    pub local_route_policy: LocalRibPolicy,
+    /// Address for the HTTP API; `None` disables it.
+    pub http_endpoint: Option<SocketAddr>,
+    /// IPv6 prefixes whose incoming pings are shown; `None` disables the
+    /// ping monitor.
+    pub ping_monitor: Option<Vec<IpPrefix>>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct PeerConfig {
     pub name: String,
     pub endpoint: SocketAddr,
     pub remote_asn: u32,
     pub hold_time_secs: u16,
+    /// Source address for connections we open to this peer; `None` lets the
+    /// operating system choose.
+    pub local_address: Option<IpAddr>,
 }
 
 impl Config {
@@ -65,16 +88,88 @@ impl Config {
                     p.hold_time_seconds as u16
                 };
 
+                let local_address = if p.local_address.is_empty() {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    let ip = IpAddr::from_str(&p.local_address)
+                        .map_err(|_| eyre!("Peer {:?} has invalid local_address {:?}", p.name, p.local_address))?;
+                    if ip.is_ipv4() != endpoint.is_ipv4() {
+                        bail!("Peer {:?}: local_address {ip} and endpoint {endpoint} are different address families", p.name);
+                    }
+                    Some(ip)
+                };
+
                 Ok(PeerConfig {
                     name: p.name,
                     endpoint,
                     remote_asn: p.remote_asn,
                     hold_time_secs,
+                    local_address,
                 })
             })
             .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
 
-        Ok(Self { router_id, local_asn: proto.local_asn, hold_time_secs: DEFAULT_HOLD_TIME_SECS, listen_endpoints, peers })
+        let local_route_policy = match proto.local_route_policy.into_option() {
+            Some(policy) => LocalRibPolicy {
+                allowed_prefixes: policy
+                    .allowed_prefixes
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|p| IpPrefix::try_from(p.as_str()).wrap_err_with(|| format!("Invalid allowed prefix {p:?}")))
+                    .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+                max_routes_per_owner: policy.max_routes_per_owner as usize,
+            },
+            None => LocalRibPolicy::default(),
+        };
+
+        let http_endpoint = match proto.http_endpoint.into_option() {
+            Some(ep) => {
+                if ep.port == 0 {
+                    bail!("http_endpoint.port is required");
+                }
+                Some(parse_endpoint(&ep.address, ep.port).wrap_err("Invalid http_endpoint")?)
+            }
+            None => None,
+        };
+
+        let ping_monitor = match proto.ping_monitor.into_option() {
+            Some(monitor) => {
+                let prefixes: Vec<IpPrefix> = if monitor.prefixes.is_empty() {
+                    local_route_policy.allowed_prefixes.clone()
+                } else {
+                    monitor
+                        .prefixes
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|p| IpPrefix::try_from(p.as_str()).wrap_err_with(|| format!("Invalid ping_monitor prefix {p:?}")))
+                        .collect::<Result<_>>()?
+                };
+                let prefixes: Vec<IpPrefix> =
+                    prefixes.into_iter().filter(|p| p.address_family == AddressFamilyId::Ipv6).collect();
+                if prefixes.is_empty() {
+                    bail!("ping_monitor needs IPv6 prefixes, either its own or local_route_policy.allowed_prefixes");
+                }
+                Some(prefixes)
+            }
+            None => None,
+        };
+
+        let connect_retry = if proto.connect_retry_seconds == 0 {
+            DEFAULT_CONNECT_RETRY
+        } else {
+            Duration::from_secs(proto.connect_retry_seconds as u64)
+        };
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            router_id,
+            local_asn: proto.local_asn,
+            hold_time_secs: DEFAULT_HOLD_TIME_SECS,
+            listen_endpoints,
+            peers,
+            connect_retry,
+            collision_detect_established_state: proto.collision_detect_established_state,
+            local_route_policy,
+            http_endpoint,
+            ping_monitor,
+        })
     }
 }
 

crates/server/src/dialer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+//! Active side of the FSM: dial each configured peer and keep the session up.
+//!
+//! One task per configured peer loops forever: connect, run the session,
+//! back off, repeat. While a session with the same remote IP and ASN is
+//! already established (for example because the peer dialled us first) the
+//! dialer stays idle rather than opening a second one. When both sides dial
+//! at once the FSM resolves the collision (see [`crate::collision`]); if our
+//! connection is the one closed, the next pass finds the surviving session
+//! and goes idle.
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
+
+use tokio::net::{TcpSocket, TcpStream};
+use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
+use tracing::{info, warn};
+
+use crate::collision::Direction;
+use crate::config::PeerConfig;
+use crate::fsm::{SessionConfig, run_session};
+use crate::session::{DialState, SessionRegistry};
+
+/// Upper bound for exponential backoff between connection attempts.
+const MAX_BACKOFF: Duration = Duration::from_secs(120);
+const CONNECT_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+
+pub fn spawn_dialers(
+    peers: &[PeerConfig],
+    base: &SessionConfig,
+    connect_retry: Duration,
+) -> Vec<JoinHandle<()>> {
+    peers
+        .iter()
+        .map(|peer| {
+            let config = SessionConfig {
+                hold_time_secs: peer.hold_time_secs,
+                direction: Direction::Outbound,
+                peer_name: Some(peer.name.clone()),
+                expected_asn: Some(peer.remote_asn),
+                ..base.clone()
+            };
+            tokio::spawn(dial_loop(Arc::new(peer.clone()), config, connect_retry))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Opens the TCP connection, from the configured source address if any.
+async fn connect(peer: &PeerConfig) -> std::io::Result<TcpStream> {
+    let Some(local) = peer.local_address else {
+        return TcpStream::connect(peer.endpoint).await;
+    };
+    let socket = if peer.endpoint.is_ipv4() { TcpSocket::new_v4()? } else { TcpSocket::new_v6()? };
+    socket
+        .bind(std::net::SocketAddr::new(local, 0))
+        .map_err(|e| std::io::Error::new(e.kind(), format!("cannot use local_address {local}: {e}")))?;
+    socket.connect(peer.endpoint).await
+}
+
+async fn dial_loop(peer: Arc<PeerConfig>, config: SessionConfig, connect_retry: Duration) {
+    let registry: SessionRegistry = config.registry.clone();
+    let mut backoff = connect_retry;
+
+    loop {
+        if registry.is_shutting_down() {
+            return;
+        }
+        if registry.find(peer.endpoint.ip(), peer.remote_asn).is_some() {
+            // Peer dialled us; nothing to do until that session goes away.
+            registry.set_dial_state(&peer.name, DialState::Idle);
+            tokio::time::sleep(connect_retry).await;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        registry.set_dial_state(&peer.name, DialState::Connecting);
+        info!(peer = %peer.name, endpoint = %peer.endpoint, "Connecting to peer");
+
+        let outcome = match tokio::time::timeout(CONNECT_TIMEOUT, connect(&peer)).await {
+            Ok(Ok(stream)) => {
+                info!(peer = %peer.name, endpoint = %peer.endpoint, "TCP connected, starting session");
+                backoff = connect_retry;
+                run_session(stream, peer.endpoint, config.clone()).await.map(|()| "session closed by peer".to_string())
+            }
+            Ok(Err(e)) => Err(eyre::eyre!("connect failed: {e}")),
+            Err(_) => Err(eyre::eyre!("connect timed out after {CONNECT_TIMEOUT:?}")),
+        };
+
+        let reason = match outcome {
+            Ok(msg) => msg,
+            Err(e) => {
+                warn!(peer = %peer.name, endpoint = %peer.endpoint, err = %e, "Session attempt ended");
+                e.to_string()
+            }
+        };
+
+        registry.set_dial_state(
+            &peer.name,
+            DialState::Backoff { until: SystemTime::now() + backoff, last_error: reason },
+        );
+        tokio::time::sleep(backoff).await;
+        backoff = (backoff * 2).min(MAX_BACKOFF);
+    }
+}

crates/server/src/fsm.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
 use std::time::Duration;
 
-use bgp_packet::errors::{BgpError, FsmSubcode, OpenMsgSubcode};
+use bgp_packet::errors::{BgpError, CeaseSubcode, FsmSubcode, OpenMsgSubcode};
 use bgp_packet::message::{BGP_HEADER_LEN, Message, NotificationMessage, PathAttribute};
 use bgp_packet::open::{Capability, OpenMessage, OpenOption};
 use bgp_primitives::constants::{AddressFamilyId, SubsequentAfi};
@@ -12,11 +12,20 @@ use eyre::{Result, bail, eyre};
 use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
 use tokio::net::TcpStream;
 use tokio::net::tcp::{OwnedReadHalf, OwnedWriteHalf};
+use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};
 use tokio::time::{Instant, interval_at, sleep_until};
 use tracing::{info, warn};
 
 use bgp_packet::message::{AS_TRANS, BGP4_VERSION};
 
+use crate::collision::{CollisionTable, Direction};
+use crate::metrics::{MESSAGES_RECEIVED, MESSAGES_SENT, SESSIONS_ESTABLISHED_TOTAL, message_type_name};
+use crate::session::{SessionHandle, SessionRegistry};
+
+/// Number of outbound messages that may be queued for a session before
+/// senders are back-pressured.
+const OUTBOUND_QUEUE_CAPACITY: usize = 1024;
+
 /// Minimal per-session config extracted from the server config.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct SessionConfig {
@@ -24,6 +33,16 @@ pub struct SessionConfig {
     pub local_asn: u32,
     pub hold_time_secs: u16,
     pub adj_rib_in: AdjRibIn,
+    pub registry: SessionRegistry,
+    /// Shared table used to resolve connection collisions (RFC 4271 §6.8).
+    pub collisions: CollisionTable,
+    /// Which side opened this TCP connection.
+    pub direction: Direction,
+    /// Configured name of the peer, if known.
+    pub peer_name: Option<String>,
+    /// If set, the peer's OPEN must carry this ASN or the session is
+    /// refused with a Bad Peer AS notification.
+    pub expected_asn: Option<u32>,
 }
 
 /// Drive the BGP FSM for a single accepted TCP connection.
@@ -34,6 +53,7 @@ pub async fn run_session(
     peer_addr: SocketAddr,
     config: SessionConfig,
 ) -> Result<()> {
+    let local_addr = stream.local_addr()?;
     let (mut reader, mut writer) = stream.into_split();
 
     // --- OpenSent -----------------------------------------------------------
@@ -72,7 +92,7 @@ pub async fn run_session(
         }
     };
 
-    if let Err(bgp_err) = validate_open(&peer_open) {
+    if let Err(bgp_err) = validate_open(&peer_open, config.router_id) {
         send_notification(&mut writer, bgp_err, &ParserContext::default()).await;
         bail!("Peer {} sent invalid OPEN", peer_addr);
     }
@@ -102,19 +122,46 @@ pub async fn run_session(
         peer_open.asn as u32
     };
 
+    if let Some(expected) = config.expected_asn
+        && peer_asn != expected
+    {
+        send_notification(&mut writer, BgpError::OpenMsg(OpenMsgSubcode::BadPeerAs), &ctx).await;
+        bail!("Peer {peer_addr} announced AS{peer_asn} but AS{expected} was configured");
+    }
+
+    // Connection collision detection (RFC 4271 §6.8). From here on the
+    // guard keeps this connection visible to later ones, and `killed` fires
+    // if one of them wins.
+    let Some(mut collision_guard) =
+        config.collisions.admit(config.router_id, peer_open.identifier, config.direction)
+    else {
+        return close_for_collision(&mut writer, &ctx, peer_addr).await;
+    };
+
     info!(
         %peer_addr,
         peer_asn,
         negotiated_hold_time,
+        direction = config.direction.as_str(),
         "OPEN received, transitioning to OpenConfirm"
     );
 
     // --- OpenConfirm --------------------------------------------------------
     send_message(&mut writer, &Message::KeepAlive, &ctx).await?;
 
-    let hold_duration = Duration::from_secs(negotiated_hold_time as u64);
+    // With a negotiated hold time of zero the hold timer does not run
+    // (RFC 4271 §4.2); fall back to the large pre-negotiation value so a
+    // silent peer is still cleaned up eventually.
+    let hold_duration = Duration::from_secs(if negotiated_hold_time == 0 { 240 } else { negotiated_hold_time as u64 });
 
-    match recv_with_timeout(&mut reader, &ctx, hold_duration).await {
+    let confirm = tokio::select! {
+        msg = recv_with_timeout(&mut reader, &ctx, hold_duration) => msg,
+        _ = &mut collision_guard.killed => {
+            return close_for_collision(&mut writer, &ctx, peer_addr).await;
+        }
+    };
+
+    match confirm {
         Ok(Message::KeepAlive) => {}
         Ok(other) => {
             send_notification(
@@ -132,19 +179,51 @@ pub async fn run_session(
     }
 
     info!(%peer_addr, peer_asn, "Session established");
+    SESSIONS_ESTABLISHED_TOTAL.inc();
 
     let peer_id = PeerId { addr: peer_addr, asn: peer_asn };
 
     // --- Established --------------------------------------------------------
-    established_loop(
+    // Register so the rest of the server can see this session and queue
+    // messages for it. The guard deregisters on any exit path.
+    let (outbound_tx, mut outbound_rx) = mpsc::channel(OUTBOUND_QUEUE_CAPACITY);
+    collision_guard.set_established();
+    let _guard = config.registry.register(SessionHandle::new(
+        peer_id,
+        config.peer_name.clone(),
+        config.direction,
+        local_addr,
+        peer_four_byte_asn,
+        outbound_tx,
+    ));
+
+    let result = established_loop(
         &mut reader,
         &mut writer,
         &ctx,
         negotiated_hold_time,
         peer_id,
         &config.adj_rib_in,
+        SessionInputs { outbound: &mut outbound_rx, killed: &mut collision_guard.killed, registry: &config.registry },
     )
-    .await
+    .await;
+
+    // Whatever ended the session, routes learned over it are gone
+    // (RFC 4271 §8.2.2). Do this before the guard drops so subscribers see
+    // the withdrawals before the Down event.
+    let removed = config.adj_rib_in.remove_peer(peer_id).await;
+    info!(peer = %peer_id, removed_routes = removed, "Session ended");
+    result
+}
+
+/// Signals from the rest of the server into an established session.
+struct SessionInputs<'a> {
+    /// Messages queued for transmission to the peer.
+    outbound: &'a mut mpsc::Receiver<Message>,
+    /// Fires when a later connection won collision resolution.
+    killed: &'a mut oneshot::Receiver<()>,
+    /// Where to report a peer's route-refresh request.
+    registry: &'a SessionRegistry,
 }
 
 async fn established_loop(
@@ -154,14 +233,16 @@ async fn established_loop(
     hold_time_secs: u16,
     peer_id: PeerId,
     adj_rib_in: &AdjRibIn,
+    inputs: SessionInputs<'_>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    // When hold_time is 0, keepalives and the hold timer are disabled (RFC 4271 §4.4).
-    if hold_time_secs == 0 {
-        return no_timer_loop(reader, writer, ctx, peer_id, adj_rib_in).await;
-    }
-
-    let hold_duration = Duration::from_secs(hold_time_secs as u64);
-    let keepalive_interval = Duration::from_secs(hold_time_secs as u64 / 3);
+    let SessionInputs { outbound, killed, registry } = inputs;
+    // When hold_time is 0, keepalives and the hold timer are disabled
+    // (RFC 4271 §4.4). The timer branches below are gated off in that case;
+    // the placeholder durations are never observed.
+    let timers_enabled = hold_time_secs != 0;
+    let secs = if timers_enabled { hold_time_secs as u64 } else { 3 };
+    let hold_duration = Duration::from_secs(secs);
+    let keepalive_interval = Duration::from_secs(secs / 3);
 
     // interval_at avoids firing immediately; first keepalive is sent after one interval.
     let mut keepalive_timer = interval_at(Instant::now() + keepalive_interval, keepalive_interval);
@@ -178,6 +259,7 @@ async fn established_loop(
                         hold_timer.as_mut().reset(Instant::now() + hold_duration);
                     }
                     Message::Update(update) => {
+                        hold_timer.as_mut().reset(Instant::now() + hold_duration);
                         info!(
                             peer = %peer_id,
                             withdrawn = update.withdrawn_routes.len(),
@@ -195,13 +277,36 @@ async fn established_loop(
                         send_notification(writer, BgpError::FsmError(FsmSubcode::UnexpectedEstablished), ctx).await;
                         bail!("Received OPEN in Established state from {}", peer_id);
                     }
-                    Message::RouteRefresh => {}
+                    Message::RouteRefresh => {
+                        hold_timer.as_mut().reset(Instant::now() + hold_duration);
+                        info!(peer = %peer_id, "Received ROUTE-REFRESH, re-sending our routes");
+                        registry.request_refresh(&peer_id);
+                    }
                 }
             }
-            _ = keepalive_timer.tick() => {
+            Some(msg) = outbound.recv() => {
+                if let Message::Update(update) = &msg {
+                    info!(
+                        peer = %peer_id,
+                        withdrawn = update.withdrawn_routes.len(),
+                        announced = update.announced_routes.len(),
+                        "Sending UPDATE",
+                    );
+                }
+                send_message(writer, &msg, ctx).await?;
+                // A NOTIFICATION from our side ends the session (RFC 4271 §6).
+                if let Message::Notification(notif) = &msg {
+                    info!(peer = %peer_id, error = %notif.error, "Sent NOTIFICATION, closing session");
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+            _ = &mut *killed => {
+                return close_for_collision(writer, ctx, peer_id.addr).await;
+            }
+            _ = keepalive_timer.tick(), if timers_enabled => {
                 send_message(writer, &Message::KeepAlive, ctx).await?;
             }
-            _ = &mut hold_timer => {
+            _ = &mut hold_timer, if timers_enabled => {
                 warn!(peer = %peer_id, "Hold timer expired");
                 send_notification(writer, BgpError::HoldTimer, ctx).await;
                 bail!("Hold timer expired for peer {}", peer_id);
@@ -210,45 +315,6 @@ async fn established_loop(
     }
 }
 
-/// Hold-timer-disabled path for hold_time == 0.
-async fn no_timer_loop(
-    reader: &mut OwnedReadHalf,
-    writer: &mut OwnedWriteHalf,
-    ctx: &ParserContext,
-    peer_id: PeerId,
-    adj_rib_in: &AdjRibIn,
-) -> Result<()> {
-    loop {
-        match read_message(reader, ctx).await? {
-            Message::KeepAlive => {}
-            Message::Update(update) => {
-                info!(
-                    peer = %peer_id,
-                    withdrawn = update.withdrawn_routes.len(),
-                    announced = update.announced_routes.len(),
-                    "Received UPDATE",
-                );
-                apply_update(adj_rib_in, peer_id, &update.path_attributes,
-                    &update.withdrawn_routes, &update.announced_routes).await;
-            }
-            Message::Notification(notif) => {
-                info!(peer = %peer_id, error = %notif.error, "Received NOTIFICATION, closing session");
-                return Ok(());
-            }
-            Message::Open(_) => {
-                send_notification(
-                    writer,
-                    BgpError::FsmError(FsmSubcode::UnexpectedEstablished),
-                    ctx,
-                )
-                .await;
-                bail!("Received OPEN in Established state from {}", peer_id);
-            }
-            Message::RouteRefresh => {}
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Wire helpers
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -270,6 +336,7 @@ async fn read_message(reader: &mut OwnedReadHalf, ctx: &ParserContext) -> Result
 
     let (_, msg) =
         Message::from_wire(ctx, &buf).map_err(|e| eyre!("Failed to parse BGP message: {e:?}"))?;
+    MESSAGES_RECEIVED.with_label_values(&[message_type_name(&msg)]).inc();
     Ok(msg)
 }
 
@@ -291,6 +358,7 @@ async fn send_message(
     let mut buf = BytesMut::new();
     msg.to_wire(ctx, &mut buf)?;
     writer.write_all(&buf).await?;
+    MESSAGES_SENT.with_label_values(&[message_type_name(msg)]).inc();
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -306,6 +374,18 @@ async fn send_notification(writer: &mut OwnedWriteHalf, error: BgpError, ctx: &P
     }
 }
 
+/// A later connection to the same BGP Identifier won collision resolution:
+/// tell the peer why and end this session.
+async fn close_for_collision(
+    writer: &mut OwnedWriteHalf,
+    ctx: &ParserContext,
+    peer_addr: SocketAddr,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    info!(%peer_addr, "Closing connection: lost collision resolution");
+    send_notification(writer, BgpError::Cease(CeaseSubcode::ConnCollisionResolution), ctx).await;
+    bail!("Connection to {peer_addr} closed by collision resolution");
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // RIB helpers
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -373,15 +453,26 @@ fn build_open(config: &SessionConfig) -> Message {
                 afi: AddressFamilyId::Ipv4,
                 safi: SubsequentAfi::Unicast,
             },
+            // Without this a peer will not accept the IPv6 routes we
+            // originate via MP_REACH_NLRI (RFC 4760 §8).
+            Capability::MultiProtocol {
+                afi: AddressFamilyId::Ipv6,
+                safi: SubsequentAfi::Unicast,
+            },
             Capability::RouteRefresh,
         ])],
     })
 }
 
-fn validate_open(open: &OpenMessage) -> Result<(), BgpError> {
+fn validate_open(open: &OpenMessage, local_id: Ipv4Addr) -> Result<(), BgpError> {
     if open.version != BGP4_VERSION {
         return Err(BgpError::OpenMsg(OpenMsgSubcode::UnsupportedVersion));
     }
+    // A peer cannot share our identifier or use the unspecified address;
+    // collision resolution depends on identifiers being distinct.
+    if open.identifier == local_id || open.identifier.is_unspecified() {
+        return Err(BgpError::OpenMsg(OpenMsgSubcode::BadBgpId));
+    }
     if open.hold_time != 0 && open.hold_time < 3 {
         return Err(BgpError::OpenMsg(OpenMsgSubcode::UnacceptableHoldTime));
     }

crates/server/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
+pub mod advertise;
+pub mod collision;
 pub mod config;
 pub mod connection;
+pub mod dialer;
 pub mod fsm;
+pub mod metrics;
+pub mod ping;
 pub mod server;
+pub mod session;
 pub mod tracing;
 
 pub mod proto {

crates/server/src/main.rs

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-use bgp_server::config::Config;
-use bgp_server::proto::config::BgpConfig;
-use bgp_server::server::BgpServerBuilder;
-use bgp_server::tracing::TracingArgs;
-use clap::Parser;
-use eyre::{Context, Result};
-
-#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
-struct ServerArgs {
-    /// Path to the textproto configuration file.
-    config: String,
-
-    #[command(flatten)]
-    tracing: TracingArgs,
-}
-
-#[tokio::main]
-async fn main() -> Result<()> {
-    let args = ServerArgs::parse();
-    args.tracing.install()?;
-
-    let config_string =
-        std::fs::read_to_string(&args.config).wrap_err("Failed to open config file")?;
-    let proto_config = protobuf::text_format::parse_from_str::<BgpConfig>(&config_string)
-        .wrap_err("Failed to parse config file")?;
-    let config = Config::from_proto(proto_config).wrap_err("Invalid configuration")?;
-
-    BgpServerBuilder::new(config).run().await
-}

crates/server/src/metrics.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+//! Process-wide Prometheus metrics, registered on the default registry.
+
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
+
+use bgp_packet::message::Message;
+use prometheus::{
+    IntCounter, IntCounterVec, IntGauge, register_int_counter, register_int_counter_vec,
+    register_int_gauge,
+};
+
+pub static MESSAGES_SENT: LazyLock<IntCounterVec> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    register_int_counter_vec!("bgp_messages_sent_total", "BGP messages sent, by type", &["type"])
+        .expect("metric registration")
+});
+
+pub static MESSAGES_RECEIVED: LazyLock<IntCounterVec> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    register_int_counter_vec!("bgp_messages_received_total", "BGP messages received, by type", &["type"])
+        .expect("metric registration")
+});
+
+pub static SESSIONS_ESTABLISHED_TOTAL: LazyLock<IntCounter> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    register_int_counter!("bgp_sessions_established_total", "Sessions that reached Established")
+        .expect("metric registration")
+});
+
+pub static SESSIONS_ESTABLISHED: LazyLock<IntGauge> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    register_int_gauge!("bgp_sessions_established", "Sessions currently in Established")
+        .expect("metric registration")
+});
+
+pub static COLLISIONS: LazyLock<IntCounterVec> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    register_int_counter_vec!(
+        "bgp_connection_collisions_total",
+        "Connection collisions resolved, by which connection was closed",
+        &["closed"]
+    )
+    .expect("metric registration")
+});
+
+pub static LOCAL_ROUTES: LazyLock<IntGauge> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    register_int_gauge!("bgp_local_routes", "Locally originated routes").expect("metric registration")
+});
+
+pub static ADJ_RIB_IN_ROUTES: LazyLock<IntGauge> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    register_int_gauge!("bgp_adj_rib_in_routes", "Routes held in Adj-RIB-In across all peers")
+        .expect("metric registration")
+});
+
+pub static PING_ECHO_REQUESTS: LazyLock<IntCounter> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    register_int_counter!(
+        "ping_monitor_echo_requests_total",
+        "ICMPv6 echo requests seen for the watched prefixes"
+    )
+    .expect("metric registration")
+});
+
+pub static PING_EVENTS_SUPPRESSED: LazyLock<IntCounter> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    register_int_counter!(
+        "ping_monitor_events_suppressed_total",
+        "Ping events not published because of the per-second limit"
+    )
+    .expect("metric registration")
+});
+
+/// Forces registration of every metric so they appear in scrapes before
+/// their first observation.
+pub fn init() {
+    LazyLock::force(&MESSAGES_SENT);
+    LazyLock::force(&MESSAGES_RECEIVED);
+    LazyLock::force(&SESSIONS_ESTABLISHED_TOTAL);
+    LazyLock::force(&SESSIONS_ESTABLISHED);
+    LazyLock::force(&COLLISIONS);
+    LazyLock::force(&LOCAL_ROUTES);
+    LazyLock::force(&ADJ_RIB_IN_ROUTES);
+    LazyLock::force(&PING_ECHO_REQUESTS);
+    LazyLock::force(&PING_EVENTS_SUPPRESSED);
+}
+
+pub fn message_type_name(msg: &Message) -> &'static str {
+    match msg {
+        Message::Open(_) => "open",
+        Message::Update(_) => "update",
+        Message::Notification(_) => "notification",
+        Message::KeepAlive => "keepalive",
+        Message::RouteRefresh => "route_refresh",
+    }
+}

crates/server/src/ping.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+//! Shows who is pinging the prefixes this router originates.
+//!
+//! The host answers for the lab address space itself (an AnyIP route on the
+//! loopback interface), so the kernel already replies to every ping. A raw
+//! ICMPv6 socket gets a copy of each echo request as well; we never reply and
+//! never see forwarded traffic. For every packet we learn the source, the
+//! destination, the interface it arrived on and the hop limit it arrived
+//! with, which is enough to show a student that their route is in use and
+//! which way the traffic came in.
+//!
+//! Anyone on the Internet can send these packets, with any source address, so
+//! everything here is bounded: a fixed number of flows is remembered and the
+//! number of events published per second is capped.
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+mod sys;
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
+
+use bgp_primitives::constants::AddressFamilyId;
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
+use bgp_rib::{LocalRib, LocalRoute};
+use tokio::sync::{Mutex, broadcast};
+use tokio::time::Instant;
+use tracing::{error, info, warn};
+
+use crate::metrics::{PING_ECHO_REQUESTS, PING_EVENTS_SUPPRESSED};
+
+/// Flows (source and destination pairs) remembered. When full, the flow that
+/// has been quiet the longest makes room.
+const MAX_FLOWS: usize = 2048;
+/// A flow that keeps pinging publishes an event this often, carrying the
+/// running count.
+const EVENT_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(2);
+/// A flow that was quiet for this long starts a new burst, which is what the
+/// event log reports.
+const BURST_GAP: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
+/// How much of each packet is kept for display.
+pub const MAX_PACKET_BYTES: usize = 256;
+/// Events published per second across all flows. Packets beyond this are
+/// still counted and show up in [`PingMonitor::flows`].
+const MAX_EVENTS_PER_SECOND: u32 = 50;
+
+/// One echo request, as seen by the socket.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PingObservation {
+    pub src: Ipv6Addr,
+    pub dst: Ipv6Addr,
+    /// Name of the interface the packet arrived on.
+    pub interface: Option<String>,
+    /// Hop limit left when the packet arrived. Senders start at 64, 128 or
+    /// 255, so this tells roughly how many routers the packet crossed.
+    pub hop_limit: Option<u8>,
+    pub ident: u16,
+    pub seq: u16,
+    /// Size of the ICMPv6 message, header included.
+    pub bytes: usize,
+    /// The ICMPv6 message as received, from its type byte on, cut off after
+    /// [`MAX_PACKET_BYTES`]. The IPv6 header is not part of it: a raw ICMPv6
+    /// socket never sees one, which is why the fields above come separately.
+    pub packet: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// The local route a ping was addressed to.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PingedRoute {
+    pub prefix: IpPrefix,
+    pub owner: String,
+}
+
+/// All pings from one source to one destination.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct PingFlow {
+    /// The most recent packet.
+    pub last: PingObservation,
+    pub count: u64,
+    pub first_seen: SystemTime,
+    pub last_seen: SystemTime,
+    /// The most specific local route covering the destination right now;
+    /// `None` when nobody announces it.
+    pub route: Option<PingedRoute>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PingEvent {
+    pub flow: PingFlow,
+    /// True for the first event of a burst: a new flow, or one that had gone
+    /// quiet. False for the periodic updates while it keeps pinging.
+    pub new_burst: bool,
+}
+
+/// Whether the monitor is watching, for display.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum PingMonitorStatus {
+    /// Not configured.
+    Disabled,
+    Listening,
+    /// Configured, but the socket could not be opened.
+    Failed(String),
+}
+
+struct FlowState {
+    flow: PingFlow,
+    last_packet: Instant,
+    last_event: Option<Instant>,
+    /// A burst started and its first event has not gone out yet.
+    burst_pending: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Table {
+    flows: HashMap<(Ipv6Addr, Ipv6Addr), FlowState>,
+    window_start: Option<Instant>,
+    window_events: u32,
+}
+
+impl Table {
+    fn take_event_slot(&mut self, now: Instant) -> bool {
+        if self.window_start.is_none_or(|start| now.duration_since(start) >= Duration::from_secs(1)) {
+            self.window_start = Some(now);
+            self.window_events = 0;
+        }
+        if self.window_events >= MAX_EVENTS_PER_SECOND {
+            return false;
+        }
+        self.window_events += 1;
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn make_room(&mut self) {
+        if self.flows.len() < MAX_FLOWS {
+            return;
+        }
+        if let Some(key) = self.flows.iter().min_by_key(|(_, s)| s.last_packet).map(|(k, _)| *k) {
+            self.flows.remove(&key);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct Inner {
+    prefixes: Vec<IpPrefix>,
+    local_rib: Option<LocalRib>,
+    status: PingMonitorStatus,
+    table: Mutex<Table>,
+    events: broadcast::Sender<PingEvent>,
+}
+
+/// Handle to the ping monitor. Cheap to clone.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct PingMonitor {
+    inner: Arc<Inner>,
+}
+
+impl PingMonitor {
+    fn new(prefixes: Vec<IpPrefix>, local_rib: Option<LocalRib>, status: PingMonitorStatus) -> Self {
+        let (events, _) = broadcast::channel(256);
+        Self { inner: Arc::new(Inner { prefixes, local_rib, status, table: Mutex::default(), events }) }
+    }
+
+    /// A monitor that watches nothing.
+    pub fn disabled() -> Self {
+        Self::new(vec![], None, PingMonitorStatus::Disabled)
+    }
+
+    /// A monitor without a socket, fed through [`PingMonitor::record`].
+    pub fn without_socket(prefixes: Vec<IpPrefix>, local_rib: Option<LocalRib>) -> Self {
+        Self::new(prefixes, local_rib, PingMonitorStatus::Listening)
+    }
+
+    /// Opens the socket and starts watching for pings to `prefixes`. Failing
+    /// to open it (usually: no CAP_NET_RAW) is not fatal; the daemon runs on
+    /// without the monitor and the status page says why.
+    pub fn start(prefixes: Vec<IpPrefix>, local_rib: LocalRib) -> Self {
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        let socket = sys::EchoSocket::open();
+        #[cfg(not(unix))]
+        let socket: std::io::Result<()> = Err(std::io::Error::other("not supported on this platform"));
+
+        match socket {
+            Ok(socket) => {
+                let shown: Vec<String> = prefixes.iter().map(ToString::to_string).collect();
+                info!(prefixes = ?shown, "Ping monitor listening for ICMPv6 echo requests");
+                let monitor = Self::new(prefixes, Some(local_rib), PingMonitorStatus::Listening);
+                #[cfg(unix)]
+                tokio::spawn(monitor.clone().run(socket));
+                monitor
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                warn!(err = %e, "Ping monitor disabled: cannot open a raw ICMPv6 socket (needs CAP_NET_RAW)");
+                Self::new(prefixes, None, PingMonitorStatus::Failed(e.to_string()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    async fn run(self, mut socket: sys::EchoSocket) {
+        loop {
+            match socket.recv().await {
+                Ok(observation) => self.record(observation).await,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    error!(err = %e, "Ping monitor socket failed");
+                    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn status(&self) -> &PingMonitorStatus {
+        &self.inner.status
+    }
+
+    /// The prefixes being watched.
+    pub fn prefixes(&self) -> &[IpPrefix] {
+        &self.inner.prefixes
+    }
+
+    pub fn subscribe(&self) -> broadcast::Receiver<PingEvent> {
+        self.inner.events.subscribe()
+    }
+
+    /// Accounts for one echo request. Packets to destinations outside the
+    /// watched prefixes are ignored.
+    pub async fn record(&self, observation: PingObservation) {
+        let destination = host_prefix(observation.dst);
+        if !self.inner.prefixes.iter().any(|p| p.contains(&destination)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        PING_ECHO_REQUESTS.inc();
+
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        let wall = SystemTime::now();
+        let key = (observation.src, observation.dst);
+        let mut guard = self.inner.table.lock().await;
+        let table = &mut *guard;
+
+        let is_new = !table.flows.contains_key(&key);
+        if is_new {
+            table.make_room();
+        }
+        let state = table.flows.entry(key).or_insert_with(|| FlowState {
+            flow: PingFlow { last: observation.clone(), count: 0, first_seen: wall, last_seen: wall, route: None },
+            last_packet: now,
+            last_event: None,
+            burst_pending: false,
+        });
+        if is_new || now.duration_since(state.last_packet) >= BURST_GAP {
+            state.burst_pending = true;
+        }
+        state.flow.last = observation;
+        state.flow.count += 1;
+        state.flow.last_seen = wall;
+        state.last_packet = now;
+
+        let due = state.burst_pending || state.last_event.is_none_or(|t| now.duration_since(t) >= EVENT_INTERVAL);
+        if !due {
+            return;
+        }
+        let new_burst = state.burst_pending;
+        let mut flow = state.flow.clone();
+        if !table.take_event_slot(now) {
+            PING_EVENTS_SUPPRESSED.inc();
+            return;
+        }
+        if let Some(state) = table.flows.get_mut(&key) {
+            state.last_event = Some(now);
+            state.burst_pending = false;
+        }
+        drop(guard);
+
+        flow.route = resolve(&self.local_routes().await, &destination);
+        // No subscribers is fine.
+        let _ = self.inner.events.send(PingEvent { flow, new_burst });
+    }
+
+    /// Every remembered flow, most recently seen first.
+    pub async fn flows(&self) -> Vec<PingFlow> {
+        let mut flows: Vec<PingFlow> = self.inner.table.lock().await.flows.values().map(|s| s.flow.clone()).collect();
+        let routes = self.local_routes().await;
+        for flow in &mut flows {
+            flow.route = resolve(&routes, &host_prefix(flow.last.dst));
+        }
+        flows.sort_by(|a, b| b.last_seen.cmp(&a.last_seen).then_with(|| a.last.dst.cmp(&b.last.dst)));
+        flows
+    }
+
+    async fn local_routes(&self) -> Vec<LocalRoute> {
+        match &self.inner.local_rib {
+            Some(rib) => rib.snapshot().await,
+            None => vec![],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn host_prefix(addr: Ipv6Addr) -> IpPrefix {
+    IpPrefix { address_family: AddressFamilyId::Ipv6, prefix: addr.octets().to_vec(), length: 128 }
+}
+
+fn resolve(routes: &[LocalRoute], destination: &IpPrefix) -> Option<PingedRoute> {
+    routes
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|r| r.prefix.contains(destination))
+        .max_by_key(|r| r.prefix.length)
+        .map(|r| PingedRoute { prefix: r.prefix.clone(), owner: r.owner.clone() })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use bgp_rib::{LocalRibPolicy, LocalRouteAttrs};
+
+    fn lab() -> Vec<IpPrefix> {
+        vec![IpPrefix::try_from("2a0d:d741::/40").unwrap()]
+    }
+
+    fn ping(src: &str, dst: &str, seq: u16) -> PingObservation {
+        PingObservation {
+            src: src.parse().unwrap(),
+            dst: dst.parse().unwrap(),
+            interface: Some("swissix0".into()),
+            hop_limit: Some(57),
+            ident: 7,
+            seq,
+            bytes: 64,
+            packet: vec![128, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, (seq >> 8) as u8, seq as u8],
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
+    async fn counts_flows_and_names_the_route_owner() {
+        let rib = LocalRib::spawn(LocalRibPolicy::default());
+        let prefix = IpPrefix::try_from("2a0d:d741:1a::/48").unwrap();
+        rib.announce(LocalRoute::new(prefix.clone(), "alice", LocalRouteAttrs::default())).await.unwrap();
+        let monitor = PingMonitor::without_socket(lab(), Some(rib.clone()));
+        let mut events = monitor.subscribe();
+
+        monitor.record(ping("2001:67c:10ec::5", "2a0d:d741:1a::1", 0)).await;
+        monitor.record(ping("2001:67c:10ec::5", "2a0d:d741:1a::1", 1)).await;
+        monitor.record(ping("2001:67c:10ec::5", "2a0d:d741:5::1", 0)).await;
+
+        let first = events.try_recv().unwrap();
+        assert!(first.new_burst);
+        assert_eq!(first.flow.route, Some(PingedRoute { prefix, owner: "alice".into() }));
+        let other = events.try_recv().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(other.flow.route, None, "nobody announces 2a0d:d741:5::/48");
+        assert!(events.try_recv().is_err(), "the second packet of a flow is not an event of its own");
+
+        let flows = monitor.flows().await;
+        assert_eq!(flows.len(), 2);
+        let alice = flows.iter().find(|f| f.route.is_some()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((alice.count, alice.last.seq), (2, 1));
+
+        // The owner shown follows the routing table, not the first packet.
+        rib.withdraw(alice.route.as_ref().unwrap().prefix.clone(), None).await.unwrap();
+        assert!(monitor.flows().await.iter().all(|f| f.route.is_none()));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
+    async fn ignores_destinations_outside_the_watched_prefixes() {
+        let monitor = PingMonitor::without_socket(lab(), None);
+        monitor.record(ping("2001:db8::1", "2a0d:d740::1", 0)).await;
+        monitor.record(ping("2001:db8::1", "2001:7f8:24::c9", 0)).await;
+        assert!(monitor.flows().await.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
+    async fn a_steady_ping_is_an_occasional_update_and_a_pause_starts_a_new_burst() {
+        let monitor = PingMonitor::without_socket(lab(), None);
+        let mut events = monitor.subscribe();
+        let mut seen = vec![];
+        for seq in 0..6 {
+            monitor.record(ping("2001:db8::1", "2a0d:d741:1::1", seq)).await;
+            while let Ok(ev) = events.try_recv() {
+                seen.push((ev.flow.count, ev.new_burst));
+            }
+            tokio::time::advance(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+        }
+        assert_eq!(seen, vec![(1, true), (3, false), (5, false)]);
+
+        tokio::time::advance(BURST_GAP).await;
+        monitor.record(ping("2001:db8::1", "2a0d:d741:1::1", 6)).await;
+        let ev = events.try_recv().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((ev.flow.count, ev.new_burst), (7, true));
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
+    async fn a_flood_of_spoofed_sources_is_bounded() {
+        let monitor = PingMonitor::without_socket(lab(), None);
+        let mut events = monitor.subscribe();
+        for n in 0..(MAX_FLOWS as u32 + 500) {
+            let src = Ipv6Addr::from(0x2001_0db8_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000u128 + n as u128);
+            monitor.record(ping(&src.to_string(), "2a0d:d741:1::1", 0)).await;
+        }
+        assert_eq!(monitor.flows().await.len(), MAX_FLOWS);
+        let mut published = 0;
+        while events.try_recv().is_ok() {
+            published += 1;
+        }
+        assert_eq!(published, MAX_EVENTS_PER_SECOND, "time stood still, so this was all one second");
+
+        // A real student still gets through once the flood's second is over,
+        // even though the first attempt at announcing the burst was dropped.
+        monitor.record(ping("2001:67c:10ec::5", "2a0d:d741:1::1", 0)).await;
+        assert!(events.try_recv().is_err());
+        tokio::time::advance(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+        monitor.record(ping("2001:67c:10ec::5", "2a0d:d741:1::1", 1)).await;
+        let ev = events.try_recv().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!((ev.flow.count, ev.new_burst), (2, true));
+    }
+}

crates/server/src/ping/sys.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+//! The raw ICMPv6 socket behind the ping monitor.
+//!
+//! All the `unsafe` in the daemon lives here: the socket options and the
+//! ancillary data we need (`ICMP6_FILTER`, `IPV6_PKTINFO`, `IPV6_HOPLIMIT`)
+//! have no safe wrapper in the standard library or tokio.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::ffi::CStr;
+use std::io;
+use std::mem::{size_of, size_of_val, zeroed};
+use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
+use std::os::fd::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd, OwnedFd, RawFd};
+
+use libc::{c_int, c_void};
+use tokio::io::Interest;
+use tokio::io::unix::AsyncFd;
+
+use super::{MAX_PACKET_BYTES, PingObservation};
+
+const ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST: u8 = 128;
+
+#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+const ICMP6_FILTER: c_int = 1;
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android")))]
+const ICMP6_FILTER: c_int = 18;
+
+/// `struct icmp6_filter`: one bit per ICMPv6 type.
+type Icmp6Filter = [u32; 8];
+
+/// A filter that lets only echo requests through. Linux and the BSDs agree on
+/// the layout and disagree on the meaning: on Linux a set bit blocks the
+/// type, on the BSDs (and macOS) a set bit passes it.
+fn echo_request_only() -> Icmp6Filter {
+    let (word, bit) = ((ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST >> 5) as usize, 1u32 << (ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST & 31));
+    if cfg!(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android")) {
+        let mut filter = [u32::MAX; 8];
+        filter[word] &= !bit;
+        filter
+    } else {
+        let mut filter = [0u32; 8];
+        filter[word] |= bit;
+        filter
+    }
+}
+
+fn check(ret: c_int) -> io::Result<c_int> {
+    if ret < 0 { Err(io::Error::last_os_error()) } else { Ok(ret) }
+}
+
+fn setsockopt<T>(fd: RawFd, level: c_int, name: c_int, value: &T) -> io::Result<()> {
+    // SAFETY: `value` is a live reference and the length given is its size.
+    check(unsafe {
+        libc::setsockopt(fd, level, name, (value as *const T).cast::<c_void>(), size_of::<T>() as libc::socklen_t)
+    })?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Receives a copy of every ICMPv6 echo request the kernel delivers to this
+/// host. The kernel still answers them; we never send anything.
+pub struct EchoSocket {
+    fd: AsyncFd<OwnedFd>,
+    /// Interface names by index. Looked up once: interfaces on a router do
+    /// not change name, and under a ping flood the lookup would be three
+    /// system calls per packet.
+    interfaces: HashMap<u32, Option<String>>,
+}
+
+impl EchoSocket {
+    /// Opens the socket. Needs CAP_NET_RAW on Linux. macOS also hands echo
+    /// requests to unprivileged ICMPv6 datagram sockets, which is enough to
+    /// try the monitor out on a laptop. (On Linux those only ever see the
+    /// replies to their own pings, so there is no such fallback there.)
+    pub fn open() -> io::Result<Self> {
+        Self::open_as(libc::SOCK_RAW).or_else(|e| {
+            if cfg!(target_os = "macos") { Self::open_as(libc::SOCK_DGRAM) } else { Err(e) }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn open_as(socket_type: c_int) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        // SAFETY: plain system call; the result is checked before use.
+        let raw = check(unsafe { libc::socket(libc::AF_INET6, socket_type, libc::IPPROTO_ICMPV6) })?;
+        // SAFETY: `raw` is a descriptor we just opened and nobody else owns.
+        let fd = unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(raw) };
+
+        // SAFETY: fcntl on a descriptor we own, with integer arguments.
+        unsafe {
+            let flags = check(libc::fcntl(raw, libc::F_GETFL))?;
+            check(libc::fcntl(raw, libc::F_SETFL, flags | libc::O_NONBLOCK))?;
+            check(libc::fcntl(raw, libc::F_SETFD, libc::FD_CLOEXEC))?;
+        }
+
+        setsockopt(raw, libc::IPPROTO_ICMPV6, ICMP6_FILTER, &echo_request_only())?;
+        let on: c_int = 1;
+        setsockopt(raw, libc::IPPROTO_IPV6, libc::IPV6_RECVPKTINFO, &on)?;
+        setsockopt(raw, libc::IPPROTO_IPV6, libc::IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT, &on)?;
+
+        Ok(Self { fd: AsyncFd::with_interest(fd, Interest::READABLE)?, interfaces: HashMap::new() })
+    }
+
+    /// Waits for the next echo request.
+    pub async fn recv(&mut self) -> io::Result<PingObservation> {
+        loop {
+            let mut guard = self.fd.readable().await?;
+            let packet = match guard.try_io(|fd| recv_packet(fd.as_raw_fd())) {
+                Ok(result) => result?,
+                Err(_would_block) => continue,
+            };
+            let Some(packet) = packet else { continue };
+            let interface = self.interfaces.entry(packet.ifindex).or_insert_with(|| interface_name(packet.ifindex)).clone();
+            return Ok(PingObservation {
+                src: packet.src,
+                dst: packet.dst,
+                interface,
+                hop_limit: packet.hop_limit,
+                ident: packet.ident,
+                seq: packet.seq,
+                bytes: packet.bytes,
+                packet: packet.data,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct Packet {
+    src: Ipv6Addr,
+    dst: Ipv6Addr,
+    ifindex: u32,
+    hop_limit: Option<u8>,
+    ident: u16,
+    seq: u16,
+    bytes: usize,
+    data: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+/// Reads one packet. `Ok(None)` is a packet we cannot use (not an echo
+/// request, or the kernel did not say where it was going).
+fn recv_packet(fd: RawFd) -> io::Result<Option<Packet>> {
+    // A raw ICMPv6 socket delivers the ICMPv6 message without the IPv6
+    // header, so everything about the header comes from ancillary data.
+    let mut data = [0u8; 2048];
+    let mut control = [0u64; 16]; // u64 for the alignment cmsghdr needs
+    // SAFETY: all-zero is a valid value for these plain C structs.
+    let mut from: libc::sockaddr_in6 = unsafe { zeroed() };
+    let mut iov = libc::iovec { iov_base: data.as_mut_ptr().cast(), iov_len: data.len() };
+    // SAFETY: as above. msghdr has private padding on some targets, so it
+    // cannot be built with a struct literal.
+    let mut msg: libc::msghdr = unsafe { zeroed() };
+    msg.msg_name = (&mut from as *mut libc::sockaddr_in6).cast();
+    msg.msg_namelen = size_of::<libc::sockaddr_in6>() as _;
+    msg.msg_iov = &mut iov;
+    msg.msg_iovlen = 1 as _;
+    msg.msg_control = control.as_mut_ptr().cast();
+    msg.msg_controllen = size_of_val(&control) as _;
+
+    // SAFETY: every pointer in `msg` refers to a local that outlives the call
+    // and the lengths given match the buffers.
+    let n = unsafe { libc::recvmsg(fd, &mut msg, 0) };
+    if n < 0 {
+        return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
+    }
+    let n = n as usize;
+    if n < 8 || data[0] != ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+
+    let mut dst = None;
+    let mut hop_limit = None;
+    // SAFETY: the CMSG_* macros walk the control buffer the kernel just
+    // filled in, bounded by msg_controllen. Payloads are read unaligned.
+    unsafe {
+        let mut cmsg = libc::CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
+        while !cmsg.is_null() {
+            let header = &*cmsg;
+            if header.cmsg_level == libc::IPPROTO_IPV6 {
+                if header.cmsg_type == libc::IPV6_PKTINFO {
+                    let info: libc::in6_pktinfo = std::ptr::read_unaligned(libc::CMSG_DATA(cmsg).cast());
+                    dst = Some((Ipv6Addr::from(info.ipi6_addr.s6_addr), info.ipi6_ifindex as u32));
+                } else if header.cmsg_type == libc::IPV6_HOPLIMIT {
+                    let value: c_int = std::ptr::read_unaligned(libc::CMSG_DATA(cmsg).cast());
+                    hop_limit = u8::try_from(value).ok();
+                }
+            }
+            cmsg = libc::CMSG_NXTHDR(&msg, cmsg);
+        }
+    }
+    let Some((dst, ifindex)) = dst else { return Ok(None) };
+
+    Ok(Some(Packet {
+        src: Ipv6Addr::from(from.sin6_addr.s6_addr),
+        dst,
+        ifindex,
+        hop_limit,
+        ident: u16::from_be_bytes([data[4], data[5]]),
+        seq: u16::from_be_bytes([data[6], data[7]]),
+        bytes: n,
+        data: data[..n.min(MAX_PACKET_BYTES)].to_vec(),
+    }))
+}
+
+fn interface_name(index: u32) -> Option<String> {
+    let mut name = [0 as libc::c_char; libc::IF_NAMESIZE];
+    // SAFETY: the buffer is IF_NAMESIZE bytes, as if_indextoname requires,
+    // and on success holds a NUL-terminated string.
+    unsafe {
+        if libc::if_indextoname(index, name.as_mut_ptr()).is_null() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(CStr::from_ptr(name.as_ptr()).to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn filter_passes_only_echo_requests() {
+        let filter = echo_request_only();
+        let blocked = |t: u8| {
+            let set = filter[(t >> 5) as usize] & (1 << (t & 31)) != 0;
+            if cfg!(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android")) { set } else { !set }
+        };
+        assert!(!blocked(128), "echo request passes");
+        for t in [1u8, 3, 129, 133, 134, 135, 136] {
+            assert!(blocked(t), "type {t} is dropped in the kernel");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Pings ::1 and expects to see the request. Skipped where the socket
+    /// cannot be opened, i.e. on Linux without CAP_NET_RAW.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn sees_a_ping_to_loopback() {
+        let mut socket = match EchoSocket::open() {
+            Ok(socket) => socket,
+            Err(e) => return eprintln!("skipped: cannot open an ICMPv6 socket: {e}"),
+        };
+        let ping = if cfg!(target_os = "macos") { "ping6" } else { "ping" };
+        let Ok(mut child) = std::process::Command::new(ping)
+            .args(["-c", "1", "::1"])
+            .stdout(std::process::Stdio::null())
+            .spawn()
+        else {
+            return eprintln!("skipped: no {ping} command");
+        };
+
+        let seen = tokio::time::timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5), async {
+            loop {
+                let ping = socket.recv().await.unwrap();
+                if ping.dst == Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST {
+                    return ping;
+                }
+            }
+        })
+        .await;
+        let _ = child.wait();
+        let seen = seen.expect("echo request to ::1 was not seen");
+        assert_eq!(seen.src, Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST);
+        assert_eq!(seen.hop_limit, Some(64));
+        assert!(seen.seq <= 1, "first sequence number is 0 (BSD ping6) or 1 (iputils)");
+        assert!(seen.interface.as_deref().is_some_and(|name| name.starts_with("lo")), "{:?}", seen.interface);
+        assert!(seen.bytes >= 8);
+        assert_eq!(seen.packet[..2], [128, 0], "echo request, code 0");
+        assert_eq!(seen.packet[4..8], [seen.ident.to_be_bytes(), seen.seq.to_be_bytes()].concat()[..]);
+    }
+}

crates/server/src/server.rs

@@ -7,11 +7,15 @@ use futures::stream::{FuturesUnordered, StreamExt};
 use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};
 use tracing::{error, info};
 
-use bgp_rib::AdjRibIn;
+use bgp_rib::{AdjRibIn, LocalRib};
 
+use crate::advertise::spawn_advertiser;
+use crate::collision::{CollisionTable, Direction};
 use crate::config::Config;
 use crate::connection::handle_connection;
+use crate::dialer::spawn_dialers;
 use crate::fsm::SessionConfig;
+use crate::session::{ConfiguredPeer, SessionRegistry};
 
 pub struct BgpServerBuilder {
     config: Config,
@@ -25,6 +29,10 @@ pub struct BgpServer {
     /// Shared RIB handle — created at bind time so callers can clone it before
     /// the accept loop starts (e.g. tests that want to introspect the RIB).
     pub adj_rib_in: AdjRibIn,
+    /// Routes this router originates; announced to every established peer.
+    pub local_rib: LocalRib,
+    /// Live view of established sessions.
+    pub registry: SessionRegistry,
 }
 
 impl BgpServerBuilder {
@@ -46,9 +54,17 @@ impl BgpServerBuilder {
             listeners.push((bound_addr, listener));
         }
         Ok(BgpServer {
-            config: self.config,
             listeners,
             adj_rib_in: AdjRibIn::spawn(),
+            local_rib: LocalRib::spawn(self.config.local_route_policy.clone()),
+            registry: SessionRegistry::with_configured(
+                self.config
+                    .peers
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|p| ConfiguredPeer { name: p.name.clone(), endpoint: p.endpoint, remote_asn: p.remote_asn })
+                    .collect(),
+            ),
+            config: self.config,
         })
     }
 
@@ -59,12 +75,17 @@ impl BgpServerBuilder {
 }
 
 impl BgpServer {
+    pub fn config(&self) -> &Config {
+        &self.config
+    }
+
     /// The addresses actually bound (useful when the config uses port 0).
     pub fn local_addrs(&self) -> Vec<SocketAddr> {
         self.listeners.iter().map(|(addr, _)| *addr).collect()
     }
 
     pub async fn run(self) -> Result<()> {
+        crate::metrics::init();
         info!(
             router_id = %self.config.router_id,
             local_asn = self.config.local_asn,
@@ -72,12 +93,24 @@ impl BgpServer {
             "BGP server started"
         );
 
-        let session_config = Arc::new(SessionConfig {
+        let session_config = SessionConfig {
             router_id: self.config.router_id,
             local_asn: self.config.local_asn,
             hold_time_secs: self.config.hold_time_secs,
             adj_rib_in: self.adj_rib_in.clone(),
-        });
+            registry: self.registry.clone(),
+            collisions: CollisionTable::new(self.config.collision_detect_established_state),
+            direction: Direction::Inbound,
+            peer_name: None,
+            expected_asn: None,
+        };
+
+        let _advertiser = spawn_advertiser(
+            self.local_rib.clone(),
+            self.registry.clone(),
+            self.config.local_asn,
+        );
+        let _dialers = spawn_dialers(&self.config.peers, &session_config, self.config.connect_retry);
 
         let mut accepting: FuturesUnordered<_> = self
             .listeners
@@ -88,11 +121,15 @@ impl BgpServer {
         while let Some((listen_addr, result, listener)) = accepting.next().await {
             match result {
                 Ok((stream, peer_addr)) => {
-                    tokio::spawn(handle_connection(
-                        stream,
-                        peer_addr,
-                        Arc::clone(&session_config),
-                    ));
+                    // Inbound connections from a configured peer inherit its
+                    // name, expected ASN and hold time.
+                    let mut config = session_config.clone();
+                    if let Some(peer) = self.config.peers.iter().find(|p| p.endpoint.ip() == peer_addr.ip()) {
+                        config.peer_name = Some(peer.name.clone());
+                        config.expected_asn = Some(peer.remote_asn);
+                        config.hold_time_secs = peer.hold_time_secs;
+                    }
+                    tokio::spawn(handle_connection(stream, peer_addr, Arc::new(config)));
                 }
                 Err(e) => {
                     error!(%listen_addr, err = %e, "Accept error");

crates/server/src/session.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+//! Registry of established BGP sessions.
+//!
+//! A session registers itself when it reaches Established and is removed when
+//! its [`SessionGuard`] drops, so a session that errors out is always
+//! deregistered. Other parts of the server (the advertiser, the HTTP API) use
+//! the registry to enumerate live sessions and queue outbound messages.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::net::{IpAddr, SocketAddr};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock};
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
+
+use bgp_packet::errors::{BgpError, CeaseSubcode};
+use bgp_packet::message::NotificationMessage;
+
+use bgp_packet::message::Message;
+use bgp_rib::PeerId;
+use tokio::sync::{broadcast, mpsc};
+
+use crate::collision::Direction;
+use crate::metrics::SESSIONS_ESTABLISHED;
+
+const EVENT_CHANNEL_CAPACITY: usize = 256;
+
+/// Where the dialer is in bringing up a configured peer.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum DialState {
+    /// Not dialling: the peer connected to us, or the dialer has not started.
+    Idle,
+    Connecting,
+    /// The last attempt failed or the session ended; waiting to retry.
+    Backoff { until: SystemTime, last_error: String },
+}
+
+/// A peer from the configuration file, whether or not it is currently up.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ConfiguredPeer {
+    pub name: String,
+    pub endpoint: SocketAddr,
+    pub remote_asn: u32,
+}
+
+/// Handle to one established session. Cloning is cheap.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SessionHandle {
+    pub peer: PeerId,
+    /// Name from the configuration, if this peer is configured.
+    pub name: Option<String>,
+    /// Which side opened the TCP connection.
+    pub direction: Direction,
+    /// Our side of the TCP connection; used as the next hop for routes we
+    /// originate to this peer.
+    pub local_addr: SocketAddr,
+    pub established_at: SystemTime,
+    /// Whether the peer negotiated RFC 6793 four-octet ASNs. Determines how
+    /// AS_PATH is encoded on the wire for this session.
+    pub four_octet_asn: bool,
+    outbound: mpsc::Sender<Message>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, thiserror::Error)]
+#[error("session with {0} has closed")]
+pub struct SessionClosed(pub PeerId);
+
+impl SessionHandle {
+    pub fn new(
+        peer: PeerId,
+        name: Option<String>,
+        direction: Direction,
+        local_addr: SocketAddr,
+        four_octet_asn: bool,
+        outbound: mpsc::Sender<Message>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self { peer, name, direction, local_addr, established_at: SystemTime::now(), four_octet_asn, outbound }
+    }
+
+    /// Queues a message for transmission on this session. Waits for queue
+    /// space if the session's writer is behind.
+    pub async fn send(&self, msg: Message) -> Result<(), SessionClosed> {
+        self.outbound.send(msg).await.map_err(|_| SessionClosed(self.peer))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum SessionEvent {
+    Up(SessionHandle),
+    Down(PeerId),
+    /// The peer sent ROUTE-REFRESH (RFC 2918): it wants everything we
+    /// advertise to it sent again, typically because its import policy
+    /// changed.
+    RefreshRequested(SessionHandle),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct SessionRegistry {
+    inner: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<PeerId, SessionHandle>>>,
+    configured: Arc<Vec<ConfiguredPeer>>,
+    dial_states: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<String, DialState>>>,
+    shutting_down: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    events: broadcast::Sender<SessionEvent>,
+}
+
+impl Default for SessionRegistry {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl SessionRegistry {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::with_configured(vec![])
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_configured(configured: Vec<ConfiguredPeer>) -> Self {
+        let (events, _) = broadcast::channel(EVENT_CHANNEL_CAPACITY);
+        let dial_states = configured.iter().map(|p| (p.name.clone(), DialState::Idle)).collect();
+        Self {
+            inner: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
+            configured: Arc::new(configured),
+            dial_states: Arc::new(RwLock::new(dial_states)),
+            shutting_down: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
+            events,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Peers from the configuration file, each with the dialer's current
+    /// state for it.
+    pub fn configured_peers(&self) -> Vec<(ConfiguredPeer, DialState)> {
+        let states = self.dial_states.read().expect("dial states poisoned");
+        self.configured
+            .iter()
+            .map(|p| (p.clone(), states.get(&p.name).cloned().unwrap_or(DialState::Idle)))
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    /// The configured peer whose endpoint IP is `ip`, if any.
+    pub fn configured_by_ip(&self, ip: IpAddr) -> Option<&ConfiguredPeer> {
+        self.configured.iter().find(|p| p.endpoint.ip() == ip)
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_dial_state(&self, name: &str, state: DialState) {
+        self.dial_states.write().expect("dial states poisoned").insert(name.to_string(), state);
+    }
+
+    /// An established session with this remote IP and ASN, regardless of
+    /// which side opened the TCP connection.
+    pub fn find(&self, ip: IpAddr, asn: u32) -> Option<SessionHandle> {
+        self.inner
+            .read()
+            .expect("session registry poisoned")
+            .values()
+            .find(|h| h.peer.addr.ip() == ip && h.peer.asn == asn)
+            .cloned()
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a session and emits [`SessionEvent::Up`]. The returned guard
+    /// removes the session again when dropped.
+    pub fn register(&self, handle: SessionHandle) -> SessionGuard {
+        let peer = handle.peer;
+        self.inner.write().expect("session registry poisoned").insert(peer, handle.clone());
+        SESSIONS_ESTABLISHED.inc();
+        let _ = self.events.send(SessionEvent::Up(handle));
+        SessionGuard { registry: self.clone(), peer }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, peer: &PeerId) -> Option<SessionHandle> {
+        self.inner.read().expect("session registry poisoned").get(peer).cloned()
+    }
+
+    /// All currently established sessions, in no particular order.
+    pub fn list(&self) -> Vec<SessionHandle> {
+        self.inner.read().expect("session registry poisoned").values().cloned().collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Called by a session when its peer asks for a route refresh.
+    pub fn request_refresh(&self, peer: &PeerId) {
+        if let Some(handle) = self.get(peer) {
+            let _ = self.events.send(SessionEvent::RefreshRequested(handle));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// True once [`shutdown`](Self::shutdown) has begun; dialers stop
+    /// reconnecting.
+    pub fn is_shutting_down(&self) -> bool {
+        self.shutting_down.load(Ordering::Relaxed)
+    }
+
+    /// Closes every session politely: each peer is sent Cease /
+    /// Administrative Shutdown (RFC 4486) so it can drop the session at once
+    /// instead of discovering a dead TCP connection. Waits up to `grace` for
+    /// the sessions to finish; returns how many were still open.
+    pub async fn shutdown(&self, grace: Duration) -> usize {
+        self.shutting_down.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        for session in self.list() {
+            let _ = session
+                .send(Message::Notification(NotificationMessage {
+                    error: BgpError::Cease(CeaseSubcode::AdminShutdown),
+                    data: vec![],
+                }))
+                .await;
+        }
+        let deadline = tokio::time::Instant::now() + grace;
+        while !self.list().is_empty() && tokio::time::Instant::now() < deadline {
+            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20)).await;
+        }
+        self.list().len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn subscribe(&self) -> broadcast::Receiver<SessionEvent> {
+        self.events.subscribe()
+    }
+
+    fn remove(&self, peer: &PeerId) {
+        let removed = self.inner.write().expect("session registry poisoned").remove(peer);
+        if removed.is_some() {
+            SESSIONS_ESTABLISHED.dec();
+            let _ = self.events.send(SessionEvent::Down(*peer));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Removes the session from its registry on drop.
+pub struct SessionGuard {
+    registry: SessionRegistry,
+    peer: PeerId,
+}
+
+impl Drop for SessionGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.registry.remove(&self.peer);
+    }
+}

crates/server/src/tracing.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use tracing::Level;
 use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;
 
 /// Default targets that we enable logging for.
-const DEFAULT_TARGETS: [&str; 1] = ["bgp_server"];
+const DEFAULT_TARGETS: [&str; 3] = ["bgp", "bgp_server", "bgp_web"];
 
 #[derive(Debug, Args)]
 pub struct TracingArgs {

crates/web/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[package]
+name = "bgp-web"
+description = "HTTP API, event stream and metrics for the BGP daemon"
+edition.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+axum.workspace = true
+bgp-packet.workspace = true
+bgp-primitives.workspace = true
+bgp-rib.workspace = true
+bgp-server.workspace = true
+bytes.workspace = true
+eyre.workspace = true
+futures.workspace = true
+prometheus.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+tokio-stream.workspace = true
+tracing.workspace = true
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+reqwest.workspace = true

crates/web/src/api.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+//! JSON handlers and their view types.
+
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use axum::Json;
+use axum::extract::{Query, State};
+use axum::http::StatusCode;
+use axum::response::{IntoResponse, Response};
+use bgp_packet::message::{Message, OriginPathAttribute, PathAttribute, UpdateMessage};
+use bgp_primitives::ip_prefix::IpPrefix;
+use bgp_primitives::parser::ParserContext;
+use bgp_rib::{LocalRibError, LocalRoute, LocalRouteAttrs, SnapshotEntry};
+use bgp_server::advertise::build_announce;
+use bgp_server::ping::{PingFlow, PingMonitorStatus};
+use bgp_server::session::{ConfiguredPeer, DialState, SessionHandle, SessionRegistry};
+use bytes::BytesMut;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+use crate::AppState;
+use crate::community;
+
+const MAX_OWNER_LEN: usize = 64;
+const MAX_PREPEND: u8 = 16;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Errors
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ApiError {
+    status: StatusCode,
+    message: String,
+}
+
+impl ApiError {
+    fn bad_request(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self { status: StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST, message: message.into() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoResponse for ApiError {
+    fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+        (self.status, Json(json!({ "error": self.message }))).into_response()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<LocalRibError> for ApiError {
+    fn from(e: LocalRibError) -> Self {
+        let status = match e {
+            LocalRibError::NotAllowed(_) => StatusCode::FORBIDDEN,
+            LocalRibError::OwnedByOther { .. } => StatusCode::CONFLICT,
+            LocalRibError::OwnerLimit { .. } => StatusCode::UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY,
+            LocalRibError::Closed => StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
+        };
+        Self { status, message: e.to_string() }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Views
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn unix_secs(t: SystemTime) -> u64 {
+    t.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).map(|d| d.as_secs()).unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+pub struct StatusView {
+    pub router_id: String,
+    pub local_asn: u32,
+    pub version: String,
+    pub hostname: String,
+    pub started_at_unix: u64,
+    pub uptime_secs: u64,
+    pub sessions: usize,
+    pub local_routes: usize,
+    pub received_routes: usize,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct PeerView {
+    /// Name from the configuration file; absent for unconfigured inbound peers.
+    pub name: Option<String>,
+    pub peer_addr: String,
+    pub peer_asn: u32,
+    /// `Established`, `Connecting`, `Backoff` or `Idle`.
+    pub state: String,
+    /// `inbound` or `outbound`: which side opened the live TCP connection.
+    pub direction: Option<String>,
+    pub local_addr: Option<String>,
+    pub established_at_unix: Option<u64>,
+    pub uptime_secs: Option<u64>,
+    pub four_octet_asn: Option<bool>,
+    /// Why the last connection attempt or session ended, while in Backoff.
+    pub last_error: Option<String>,
+    pub retry_at_unix: Option<u64>,
+}
+
+impl From<&SessionHandle> for PeerView {
+    fn from(s: &SessionHandle) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name: s.name.clone(),
+            peer_addr: s.peer.addr.to_string(),
+            peer_asn: s.peer.asn,
+            state: "Established".into(),
+            direction: Some(s.direction.as_str().into()),
+            local_addr: Some(s.local_addr.to_string()),
+            established_at_unix: Some(unix_secs(s.established_at)),
+            uptime_secs: Some(s.established_at.elapsed().map(|d| d.as_secs()).unwrap_or(0)),
+            four_octet_asn: Some(s.four_octet_asn),
+            last_error: None,
+            retry_at_unix: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PeerView {
+    fn from_configured(peer: &ConfiguredPeer, state: &DialState) -> Self {
+        let (state_name, last_error, retry_at_unix) = match state {
+            DialState::Idle => ("Idle", None, None),
+            DialState::Connecting => ("Connecting", None, None),
+            DialState::Backoff { until, last_error } => ("Backoff", Some(last_error.clone()), Some(unix_secs(*until))),
+        };
+        Self {
+            name: Some(peer.name.clone()),
+            peer_addr: peer.endpoint.to_string(),
+            peer_asn: peer.remote_asn,
+            state: state_name.into(),
+            direction: None,
+            local_addr: None,
+            established_at_unix: None,
+            uptime_secs: None,
+            four_octet_asn: None,
+            last_error,
+            retry_at_unix,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Configured peers first (with their live session when established), then
+/// any unconfigured inbound sessions.
+pub fn peer_views(registry: &SessionRegistry) -> Vec<PeerView> {
+    let sessions = registry.list();
+    let mut claimed = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+    let mut views: Vec<PeerView> = registry
+        .configured_peers()
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(peer, state)| {
+            match sessions.iter().find(|s| s.peer.addr.ip() == peer.endpoint.ip() && s.peer.asn == peer.remote_asn) {
+                Some(session) => {
+                    claimed.insert(session.peer);
+                    PeerView { name: Some(peer.name.clone()), ..PeerView::from(session) }
+                }
+                None => PeerView::from_configured(peer, state),
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let mut rest: Vec<PeerView> =
+        sessions.iter().filter(|s| !claimed.contains(&s.peer)).map(PeerView::from).collect();
+    rest.sort_by(|a, b| a.peer_addr.cmp(&b.peer_addr));
+    views.extend(rest);
+    views
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct LocalRouteView {
+    pub prefix: String,
+    pub owner: String,
+    pub origin: String,
+    pub prepend: u8,
+    pub med: Option<u32>,
+    pub communities: Vec<String>,
+    pub large_communities: Vec<String>,
+    pub announced_at_unix: u64,
+}
+
+impl From<&LocalRoute> for LocalRouteView {
+    fn from(r: &LocalRoute) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            prefix: r.prefix.to_string(),
+            owner: r.owner.clone(),
+            origin: origin_name(r.attrs.origin).to_string(),
+            prepend: r.attrs.prepend,
+            med: r.attrs.med,
+            communities: r.attrs.communities.iter().copied().map(community::format_standard).collect(),
+            large_communities: r.attrs.large_communities.iter().map(community::format_large).collect(),
+            announced_at_unix: unix_secs(r.announced_at),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Human-oriented digest of a path attribute list.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize)]
+pub struct AttrSummary {
+    pub origin: Option<String>,
+    /// AS_PATH flattened in order; AS_SETs are included in place.
+    pub as_path: Vec<u32>,
+    pub next_hop: Option<String>,
+    pub med: Option<u32>,
+    pub local_pref: Option<u32>,
+    pub communities: Vec<String>,
+    pub large_communities: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+pub fn summarize(attrs: &[PathAttribute]) -> AttrSummary {
+    let mut s = AttrSummary::default();
+    for attr in attrs {
+        match attr {
+            PathAttribute::Origin(o) => s.origin = Some(origin_name(*o).to_string()),
+            PathAttribute::AsPath(p) => {
+                s.as_path = p.segments.iter().flat_map(|seg| seg.path.iter().copied()).collect()
+            }
+            PathAttribute::NextHop(nh) => s.next_hop = Some(nh.0.to_string()),
+            PathAttribute::MpReachNlri(mp) => s.next_hop = Some(format!("{:?}", mp.next_hop)),
+            PathAttribute::MultiExitDisc(m) => s.med = Some(m.0),
+            PathAttribute::LocalPref(l) => s.local_pref = Some(l.0),
+            PathAttribute::Communities(c) => {
+                s.communities = c.0.iter().copied().map(community::format_standard).collect()
+            }
+            PathAttribute::LargeCommunities(l) => {
+                s.large_communities = l.communities.iter().map(community::format_large).collect()
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    s
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct ReceivedRouteView {
+    pub peer_addr: String,
+    pub peer_asn: u32,
+    pub prefix: String,
+    pub received_at_unix: u64,
+    pub summary: AttrSummary,
+    /// The full decoded attribute list, for the curious.
+    pub attributes: Vec<PathAttribute>,
+}
+
+impl From<&SnapshotEntry> for ReceivedRouteView {
+    fn from(e: &SnapshotEntry) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            peer_addr: e.peer.addr.to_string(),
+            peer_asn: e.peer.asn,
+            prefix: e.prefix.to_string(),
+            received_at_unix: unix_secs(e.entry.received_at),
+            summary: summarize(&e.entry.path_attributes),
+            attributes: e.entry.path_attributes.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The exact UPDATE a route produces on one session.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct WireView {
+    pub peer_addr: String,
+    pub peer_asn: u32,
+    pub next_hop: String,
+    /// Whether AS numbers in AS_PATH are 4 bytes wide on this session.
+    pub four_octet_asn: bool,
+    /// Complete BGP message including the 19-byte header, as lowercase hex.
+    pub hex: String,
+    pub length: usize,
+    pub summary: AttrSummary,
+    pub update: UpdateMessage,
+}
+
+fn origin_name(o: OriginPathAttribute) -> &'static str {
+    match o {
+        OriginPathAttribute::IGP => "IGP",
+        OriginPathAttribute::EGP => "EGP",
+        OriginPathAttribute::INCOMPLETE => "INCOMPLETE",
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_origin(s: &str) -> Result<OriginPathAttribute, ApiError> {
+    match s.trim().to_ascii_uppercase().as_str() {
+        "IGP" => Ok(OriginPathAttribute::IGP),
+        "EGP" => Ok(OriginPathAttribute::EGP),
+        "INCOMPLETE" => Ok(OriginPathAttribute::INCOMPLETE),
+        other => Err(ApiError::bad_request(format!("origin {other:?} must be IGP, EGP or INCOMPLETE"))),
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_prefix(s: &str) -> Result<IpPrefix, ApiError> {
+    IpPrefix::try_from(s.trim()).map_err(|e| ApiError::bad_request(format!("invalid prefix {s:?}: {e}")))
+}
+
+fn validate_owner(owner: &str) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
+    let owner = owner.trim();
+    if owner.is_empty() {
+        return Err(ApiError::bad_request("owner must not be empty"));
+    }
+    if owner.chars().count() > MAX_OWNER_LEN {
+        return Err(ApiError::bad_request(format!("owner must be at most {MAX_OWNER_LEN} characters")));
+    }
+    Ok(owner.to_string())
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Requests
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AnnounceRequest {
+    pub prefix: String,
+    pub owner: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub origin: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub prepend: u8,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub med: Option<u32>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub communities: Vec<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub large_communities: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
+pub struct WithdrawRequest {
+    pub prefix: String,
+    /// Omit to withdraw regardless of owner.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub owner: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+pub struct WireQuery {
+    pub prefix: String,
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Handlers
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+pub async fn status(State(state): State<AppState>) -> Json<StatusView> {
+    Json(StatusView {
+        router_id: state.info.router_id.to_string(),
+        local_asn: state.info.local_asn,
+        version: state.info.version.clone(),
+        hostname: state.info.hostname.clone(),
+        started_at_unix: unix_secs(state.info.started_at),
+        uptime_secs: state.info.started.elapsed().as_secs(),
+        sessions: state.registry.list().len(),
+        local_routes: state.local_rib.snapshot().await.len(),
+        received_routes: state.adj_rib_in.snapshot().await.len(),
+    })
+}
+
+/// The configuration file the daemon was started with.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct ConfigView {
+    pub path: Option<String>,
+    /// Raw file contents as read at startup; later edits to the file are not
+    /// reflected until the daemon restarts.
+    pub text: Option<String>,
+}
+
+pub async fn config(State(state): State<AppState>) -> Json<ConfigView> {
+    let (path, text) = state.info.config.clone().unzip();
+    Json(ConfigView { path, text })
+}
+
+pub async fn peers(State(state): State<AppState>) -> Json<Vec<PeerView>> {
+    Json(peer_views(&state.registry))
+}
+
+pub async fn local_routes(State(state): State<AppState>) -> Json<Vec<LocalRouteView>> {
+    let mut routes: Vec<LocalRouteView> =
+        state.local_rib.snapshot().await.iter().map(LocalRouteView::from).collect();
+    routes.sort_by(|a, b| a.prefix.cmp(&b.prefix));
+    Json(routes)
+}
+
+pub async fn announce(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Json(req): Json<AnnounceRequest>,
+) -> Result<Json<LocalRouteView>, ApiError> {
+    let prefix = parse_prefix(&req.prefix)?;
+    let owner = validate_owner(&req.owner)?;
+    if req.prepend > MAX_PREPEND {
+        return Err(ApiError::bad_request(format!("prepend must be at most {MAX_PREPEND}")));
+    }
+    let attrs = LocalRouteAttrs {
+        origin: req.origin.as_deref().map(parse_origin).transpose()?.unwrap_or(OriginPathAttribute::IGP),
+        prepend: req.prepend,
+        med: req.med,
+        communities: req
+            .communities
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| community::parse_standard(c))
+            .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
+            .map_err(ApiError::bad_request)?,
+        large_communities: req
+            .large_communities
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| community::parse_large(c))
+            .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
+            .map_err(ApiError::bad_request)?,
+    };
+    let route = LocalRoute::new(prefix, owner, attrs);
+    state.local_rib.announce(route.clone()).await?;
+    Ok(Json(LocalRouteView::from(&route)))
+}
+
+pub async fn withdraw(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Json(req): Json<WithdrawRequest>,
+) -> Result<Json<Option<LocalRouteView>>, ApiError> {
+    let prefix = parse_prefix(&req.prefix)?;
+    let owner = req.owner.as_deref().map(validate_owner).transpose()?;
+    let removed = state.local_rib.withdraw(prefix, owner.as_deref()).await?;
+    Ok(Json(removed.as_ref().map(LocalRouteView::from)))
+}
+
+/// Shows the UPDATE bytes a local route produces on each established session.
+pub async fn wire(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Query(q): Query<WireQuery>,
+) -> Result<Json<Vec<WireView>>, ApiError> {
+    let prefix = parse_prefix(&q.prefix)?;
+    let route = state
+        .local_rib
+        .snapshot()
+        .await
+        .into_iter()
+        .find(|r| r.prefix == prefix)
+        .ok_or_else(|| ApiError { status: StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, message: format!("{prefix} is not announced") })?;
+
+    let mut views = vec![];
+    for session in state.registry.list() {
+        let Some(update) = build_announce(&route, state.info.local_asn, session.local_addr.ip()) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let ctx = ParserContext { four_octet_asn: Some(session.four_octet_asn), address_family: None };
+        let mut buf = BytesMut::new();
+        Message::Update(update.clone())
+            .to_wire(&ctx, &mut buf)
+            .map_err(|e| ApiError { status: StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, message: e.to_string() })?;
+        views.push(WireView {
+            peer_addr: session.peer.addr.to_string(),
+            peer_asn: session.peer.asn,
+            next_hop: session.local_addr.ip().to_string(),
+            four_octet_asn: session.four_octet_asn,
+            hex: buf.iter().map(|b| format!("{b:02x}")).collect(),
+            length: buf.len(),
+            summary: summarize(&update.path_attributes),
+            update,
+        });
+    }
+    views.sort_by(|a, b| a.peer_addr.cmp(&b.peer_addr));
+    Ok(Json(views))
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct WellKnownCommunity {
+    pub name: &'static str,
+    pub value: String,
+}
+
+/// Names the API accepts in place of a numeric standard community.
+pub async fn well_known_communities() -> Json<Vec<WellKnownCommunity>> {
+    Json(
+        community::WELL_KNOWN
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(name, value)| WellKnownCommunity { name, value: community::format_standard(*value) })
+            .collect(),
+    )
+}
+
+pub async fn received_routes(State(state): State<AppState>) -> Json<Vec<ReceivedRouteView>> {
+    let mut routes: Vec<ReceivedRouteView> =
+        state.adj_rib_in.snapshot().await.iter().map(ReceivedRouteView::from).collect();
+    routes.sort_by(|a, b| (&a.prefix, &a.peer_addr).cmp(&(&b.prefix, &b.peer_addr)));
+    Json(routes)
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Pings
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Flows returned by `/api/pings` unless `?limit=` says otherwise.
+const DEFAULT_PING_FLOWS: usize = 100;
+
+/// All pings from one source to one destination.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct PingView {
+    pub src: String,
+    pub dst: String,
+    /// The local route the destination belongs to and who announced it;
+    /// `null` when nobody announces it at the moment.
+    pub prefix: Option<String>,
+    pub owner: Option<String>,
+    /// Interface the most recent packet arrived on.
+    pub interface: Option<String>,
+    /// Hop limit left when the most recent packet arrived.
+    pub hop_limit: Option<u8>,
+    /// Routers the packet crossed, assuming the sender started at the usual
+    /// 64, 128 or 255.
+    pub hops: Option<u8>,
+    pub ident: u16,
+    pub seq: u16,
+    /// Size of the most recent ICMPv6 message.
+    pub bytes: usize,
+    /// That message as lowercase hex, from the ICMPv6 type byte on (no IPv6
+    /// header). Long packets are cut off, so this can be shorter than `bytes`.
+    pub hex: String,
+    pub count: u64,
+    pub first_seen_unix: u64,
+    pub last_seen_unix: u64,
+}
+
+fn estimated_hops(hop_limit: u8) -> u8 {
+    let initial = [64u8, 128, 255].into_iter().find(|&start| start >= hop_limit).unwrap_or(255);
+    initial - hop_limit
+}
+
+impl From<&PingFlow> for PingView {
+    fn from(flow: &PingFlow) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            src: flow.last.src.to_string(),
+            dst: flow.last.dst.to_string(),
+            prefix: flow.route.as_ref().map(|r| r.prefix.to_string()),
+            owner: flow.route.as_ref().map(|r| r.owner.clone()),
+            interface: flow.last.interface.clone(),
+            hop_limit: flow.last.hop_limit,
+            hops: flow.last.hop_limit.map(estimated_hops),
+            ident: flow.last.ident,
+            seq: flow.last.seq,
+            bytes: flow.last.bytes,
+            hex: flow.last.packet.iter().map(|b| format!("{b:02x}")).collect(),
+            count: flow.count,
+            first_seen_unix: unix_secs(flow.first_seen),
+            last_seen_unix: unix_secs(flow.last_seen),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
+pub struct PingMonitorView {
+    /// `listening`, `disabled` (not configured) or `failed`.
+    pub status: &'static str,
+    /// Why the monitor failed to start.
+    pub detail: Option<String>,
+    /// Pings to destinations inside these prefixes are shown.
+    pub prefixes: Vec<String>,
+    /// Flows remembered; `flows` holds the most recently seen of them.
+    pub total_flows: usize,
+    pub flows: Vec<PingView>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+pub struct PingQuery {
+    pub limit: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+pub async fn pings(State(state): State<AppState>, Query(query): Query<PingQuery>) -> Json<PingMonitorView> {
+    let (status, detail) = match state.pings.status() {
+        PingMonitorStatus::Listening => ("listening", None),
+        PingMonitorStatus::Disabled => ("disabled", None),
+        PingMonitorStatus::Failed(why) => ("failed", Some(why.clone())),
+    };
+    let flows = state.pings.flows().await;
+    Json(PingMonitorView {
+        status,
+        detail,
+        prefixes: state.pings.prefixes().iter().map(ToString::to_string).collect(),
+        total_flows: flows.len(),
+        flows: flows.iter().take(query.limit.unwrap_or(DEFAULT_PING_FLOWS)).map(PingView::from).collect(),
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod ping_tests {
+    use super::estimated_hops;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hops_are_counted_from_the_nearest_usual_starting_value() {
+        assert_eq!(estimated_hops(64), 0);
+        assert_eq!(estimated_hops(57), 7);
+        assert_eq!(estimated_hops(118), 10);
+        assert_eq!(estimated_hops(243), 12);
+        assert_eq!(estimated_hops(255), 0);
+    }
+}

crates/web/src/community.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+//! Parsing and formatting of community values as they appear in the API.
+//!
+//! Standard communities are written `ASN:VALUE` (e.g. `65000:100`) or as one
+//! of the well-known names from RFC 1997 / RFC 7999 / RFC 8326. Large
+//! communities are written `GLOBAL:LOCAL1:LOCAL2` (RFC 8092).
+
+use bgp_packet::message::LargeCommunity;
+
+/// Well-known standard communities, by name.
+pub const WELL_KNOWN: &[(&str, (u16, u16))] = &[
+    ("GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN", (0xFFFF, 0x0000)),
+    ("BLACKHOLE", (0xFFFF, 0x029A)),
+    ("NO_EXPORT", (0xFFFF, 0xFF01)),
+    ("NO_ADVERTISE", (0xFFFF, 0xFF02)),
+    ("NO_EXPORT_SUBCONFED", (0xFFFF, 0xFF03)),
+    ("NOPEER", (0xFFFF, 0xFF04)),
+];
+
+pub fn parse_standard(s: &str) -> Result<(u16, u16), String> {
+    let s = s.trim();
+    if let Some((_, value)) = WELL_KNOWN.iter().find(|(name, _)| name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(s)) {
+        return Ok(*value);
+    }
+    let (high, low) = s
+        .split_once(':')
+        .ok_or_else(|| format!("community {s:?} must be ASN:VALUE or a well-known name"))?;
+    let parse = |part: &str| {
+        part.trim()
+            .parse::<u16>()
+            .map_err(|_| format!("community {s:?}: {part:?} is not a 16-bit number"))
+    };
+    Ok((parse(high)?, parse(low)?))
+}
+
+pub fn format_standard((high, low): (u16, u16)) -> String {
+    format!("{high}:{low}")
+}
+
+pub fn parse_large(s: &str) -> Result<LargeCommunity, String> {
+    let s = s.trim();
+    let parts: Vec<&str> = s.split(':').collect();
+    if parts.len() != 3 {
+        return Err(format!("large community {s:?} must be GLOBAL:LOCAL1:LOCAL2"));
+    }
+    let parse = |part: &str| {
+        part.trim()
+            .parse::<u32>()
+            .map_err(|_| format!("large community {s:?}: {part:?} is not a 32-bit number"))
+    };
+    Ok(LargeCommunity { global_admin: parse(parts[0])?, data_1: parse(parts[1])?, data_2: parse(parts[2])? })
+}
+
+pub fn format_large(c: &LargeCommunity) -> String {
+    format!("{}:{}:{}", c.global_admin, c.data_1, c.data_2)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn standard_roundtrip_and_names() {
+        assert_eq!(parse_standard("65000:100").unwrap(), (65000, 100));
+        assert_eq!(parse_standard(" no_export ").unwrap(), (65535, 65281));
+        assert_eq!(parse_standard("BLACKHOLE").unwrap(), (65535, 666));
+        assert_eq!(format_standard((65000, 100)), "65000:100");
+        assert!(parse_standard("65000").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_standard("70000:1").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_standard("bogus").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn large_roundtrip() {
+        let c = parse_large("65000:1:2").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(c, LargeCommunity { global_admin: 65000, data_1: 1, data_2: 2 });
+        assert_eq!(format_large(&c), "65000:1:2");
+        assert!(parse_large("65000:1").is_err());
+        assert!(parse_large("a:b:c").is_err());
+    }
+}

crates/web/src/events.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+//! Server-sent event stream merging session, local-route, received-route and
+//! ping events into one feed the UI can follow.
+
+use std::convert::Infallible;
+
+use axum::extract::State;
+use axum::response::sse::{Event, KeepAlive, Sse};
+use bgp_rib::{LocalRibEvent, RibEvent};
+use bgp_server::ping::PingEvent;
+use bgp_server::session::SessionEvent;
+use futures::stream::{Stream, StreamExt};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use tokio_stream::wrappers::BroadcastStream;
+use tokio_stream::wrappers::errors::BroadcastStreamRecvError;
+
+use crate::AppState;
+use crate::api::{LocalRouteView, PeerView, PingView, ReceivedRouteView, summarize};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
+#[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum WireEvent {
+    SessionUp { peer: PeerView },
+    SessionDown { peer_addr: String, peer_asn: u32 },
+    /// The peer asked us to send all our routes again (ROUTE-REFRESH).
+    RouteRefreshRequested { peer: PeerView },
+    LocalAnnounced { route: LocalRouteView },
+    LocalWithdrawn { prefix: String },
+    ReceivedAnnounced { route: ReceivedRouteView },
+    ReceivedWithdrawn { peer_addr: String, peer_asn: u32, prefix: String },
+    /// Somebody is pinging an address in the watched prefixes. `new_burst`
+    /// marks the start of a run of pings; the events that follow while it
+    /// continues only update the count.
+    PingSeen { ping: PingView, new_burst: bool },
+    /// The client fell behind and missed `missed` events on `stream`; it
+    /// should refetch the corresponding table.
+    Lagged { stream: &'static str, missed: u64 },
+}
+
+impl WireEvent {
+    fn from_session(ev: Result<SessionEvent, BroadcastStreamRecvError>) -> Self {
+        match ev {
+            Ok(SessionEvent::Up(h)) => Self::SessionUp { peer: PeerView::from(&h) },
+            Ok(SessionEvent::Down(p)) => Self::SessionDown { peer_addr: p.addr.to_string(), peer_asn: p.asn },
+            Ok(SessionEvent::RefreshRequested(h)) => Self::RouteRefreshRequested { peer: PeerView::from(&h) },
+            Err(BroadcastStreamRecvError::Lagged(n)) => Self::Lagged { stream: "sessions", missed: n },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_local(ev: Result<LocalRibEvent, BroadcastStreamRecvError>) -> Self {
+        match ev {
+            Ok(LocalRibEvent::Announced(r)) => Self::LocalAnnounced { route: LocalRouteView::from(&r) },
+            Ok(LocalRibEvent::Withdrawn { prefix }) => Self::LocalWithdrawn { prefix: prefix.to_string() },
+            Err(BroadcastStreamRecvError::Lagged(n)) => Self::Lagged { stream: "local_routes", missed: n },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_ping(ev: Result<PingEvent, BroadcastStreamRecvError>) -> Self {
+        match ev {
+            Ok(ev) => Self::PingSeen { ping: PingView::from(&ev.flow), new_burst: ev.new_burst },
+            Err(BroadcastStreamRecvError::Lagged(n)) => Self::Lagged { stream: "pings", missed: n },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_received(ev: Result<RibEvent, BroadcastStreamRecvError>) -> Self {
+        match ev {
+            Ok(RibEvent::Announced { peer, prefix, entry }) => Self::ReceivedAnnounced {
+                route: ReceivedRouteView {
+                    peer_addr: peer.addr.to_string(),
+                    peer_asn: peer.asn,
+                    prefix: prefix.to_string(),
+                    received_at_unix: entry
+                        .received_at
+                        .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+                        .map(|d| d.as_secs())
+                        .unwrap_or(0),
+                    summary: summarize(&entry.path_attributes),
+                    attributes: entry.path_attributes,
+                },
+            },
+            Ok(RibEvent::Withdrawn { peer, prefix }) => Self::ReceivedWithdrawn {
+                peer_addr: peer.addr.to_string(),
+                peer_asn: peer.asn,
+                prefix: prefix.to_string(),
+            },
+            Err(BroadcastStreamRecvError::Lagged(n)) => Self::Lagged { stream: "received_routes", missed: n },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn stream(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+) -> Sse<impl Stream<Item = Result<Event, Infallible>>> {
+    let sessions = BroadcastStream::new(state.registry.subscribe()).map(WireEvent::from_session);
+    let local = BroadcastStream::new(state.local_rib.subscribe()).map(WireEvent::from_local);
+    let received = BroadcastStream::new(state.adj_rib_in.subscribe()).map(WireEvent::from_received);
+
+    let pings = BroadcastStream::new(state.pings.subscribe()).map(WireEvent::from_ping);
+
+    let routes = futures::stream::select(local, received);
+    let merged = futures::stream::select(futures::stream::select(sessions, pings), routes).map(|ev| {
+        Ok(Event::default()
+            .event("bgp")
+            .json_data(&ev)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|e| Event::default().event("error").data(e.to_string())))
+    });
+
+    Sse::new(merged).keep_alive(KeepAlive::default())
+}

crates/web/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+//! HTTP surface of the daemon: a JSON API for originating routes and
+//! inspecting state, a server-sent event stream, and Prometheus metrics.
+//!
+//! Everything here is a thin layer over handles owned by the BGP server
+//! ([`SessionRegistry`], [`LocalRib`], [`AdjRibIn`], [`PingMonitor`]); no state lives
+//! in this crate.
+
+mod api;
+mod community;
+mod events;
+mod metrics;
+
+use std::net::{Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::{Instant, SystemTime};
+
+use axum::Router;
+use axum::http::header;
+use axum::response::{Html, IntoResponse, Redirect};
+use axum::routing::{delete, get, post};
+use bgp_rib::{AdjRibIn, LocalRib};
+use bgp_server::ping::PingMonitor;
+use bgp_server::session::SessionRegistry;
+use eyre::{Result, WrapErr};
+use tokio::net::TcpListener;
+use tracing::info;
+
+pub use api::{
+    AnnounceRequest, AttrSummary, ConfigView, LocalRouteView, PeerView, PingMonitorView, PingView,
+    ReceivedRouteView, StatusView,
+    WellKnownCommunity, WireView, WithdrawRequest,
+};
+
+/// Static facts about the router shown in status output.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RouterInfo {
+    pub router_id: Ipv4Addr,
+    pub local_asn: u32,
+    pub version: String,
+    pub started: Instant,
+    /// Wall-clock start time, for display.
+    pub started_at: SystemTime,
+    /// Name of the machine we run on, for display.
+    pub hostname: String,
+    /// The configuration file as read at startup (path and raw text), shown
+    /// on the status page. `None` when the server was configured in code.
+    pub config: Option<(String, String)>,
+}
+
+impl RouterInfo {
+    pub fn new(router_id: Ipv4Addr, local_asn: u32, version: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            router_id,
+            local_asn,
+            version: version.into(),
+            started: Instant::now(),
+            started_at: SystemTime::now(),
+            hostname: hostname(),
+            config: None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Records the configuration file so the status page can show it.
+    pub fn with_config(mut self, path: impl Into<String>, text: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        self.config = Some((path.into(), text.into()));
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Best-effort host name without pulling in a dependency: ask the `hostname`
+/// utility, which exists on every platform we run on.
+fn hostname() -> String {
+    std::process::Command::new("hostname")
+        .output()
+        .ok()
+        .filter(|o| o.status.success())
+        .and_then(|o| String::from_utf8(o.stdout).ok())
+        .map(|s| s.trim().to_string())
+        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "unknown host".into())
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct AppState {
+    pub info: Arc<RouterInfo>,
+    pub registry: SessionRegistry,
+    pub local_rib: LocalRib,
+    pub adj_rib_in: AdjRibIn,
+    pub pings: PingMonitor,
+}
+
+/// The status page, embedded so the binary is self-contained.
+const STATUSZ_HTML: &str = include_str!("../static/statusz.html");
+
+async fn statusz() -> impl IntoResponse {
+    ([(header::CONTENT_TYPE, "text/html; charset=utf-8")], Html(STATUSZ_HTML))
+}
+
+/// Builds the router. Exposed so tests can drive it without a socket.
+pub fn router(state: AppState) -> Router {
+    Router::new()
+        .route("/", get(|| async { Redirect::temporary("/statusz") }))
+        .route("/statusz", get(statusz))
+        .route("/api/status", get(api::status))
+        .route("/api/config", get(api::config))
+        .route("/api/peers", get(api::peers))
+        .route("/api/routes/local", get(api::local_routes).post(api::announce))
+        .route("/api/routes/local", delete(api::withdraw))
+        .route("/api/routes/local/withdraw", post(api::withdraw))
+        .route("/api/routes/local/wire", get(api::wire))
+        .route("/api/routes/received", get(api::received_routes))
+        .route("/api/pings", get(api::pings))
+        .route("/api/communities/well-known", get(api::well_known_communities))
+        .route("/api/events", get(events::stream))
+        .route("/metricz", get(metrics::metricz))
+        .with_state(state)
+}
+
+/// Binds `listen` and serves the API until the task is dropped.
+pub async fn serve(state: AppState, listen: SocketAddr) -> Result<()> {
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind(listen)
+        .await
+        .wrap_err_with(|| format!("Failed to bind HTTP listener on {listen}"))?;
+    serve_on(state, listener).await
+}
+
+/// Serves the API on an already-bound listener (lets tests use port 0).
+pub async fn serve_on(state: AppState, listener: TcpListener) -> Result<()> {
+    info!(addr = %listener.local_addr()?, "HTTP API listening");
+    axum::serve(listener, router(state)).await?;
+    Ok(())
+}

crates/web/src/metrics.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//! Prometheus scrape endpoint. Counters are updated by the server crate as
+//! messages flow; table-size gauges are refreshed at scrape time.
+
+use axum::extract::State;
+use axum::http::{StatusCode, header};
+use axum::response::IntoResponse;
+use bgp_server::metrics::{ADJ_RIB_IN_ROUTES, LOCAL_ROUTES};
+use prometheus::{Encoder, TextEncoder};
+
+use crate::AppState;
+
+pub async fn metricz(State(state): State<AppState>) -> impl IntoResponse {
+    LOCAL_ROUTES.set(state.local_rib.snapshot().await.len() as i64);
+    ADJ_RIB_IN_ROUTES.set(state.adj_rib_in.snapshot().await.len() as i64);
+
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    match TextEncoder::new().encode(&prometheus::gather(), &mut buf) {
+        Ok(()) => (StatusCode::OK, [(header::CONTENT_TYPE, "text/plain; version=0.0.4")], buf).into_response(),
+        Err(e) => (StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, e.to_string()).into_response(),
+    }
+}

crates/web/static/statusz.html

@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+<title>Status for ferrix_bgp</title>
+<link rel="icon" href="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16'%3E%3Crect width='16' height='16' fill='%23eef'/%3E%3Ctext x='8' y='12' font-size='11' font-family='sans-serif' font-weight='bold' fill='%2300c' text-anchor='middle'%3EB%3C/text%3E%3C/svg%3E">
+<!--
+  Styled after the classic Google-internal /statusz pages as mirrored by
+  Vitess (go/vt/servenv/status.go) and golang.org/x/net/trace: plain
+  sans-serif HTML, default links and form controls, dense bordered tables,
+  and one full-width light blue (#eef) heading bar per section. Deliberately
+  no dark theme, no framework, no external resources.
+-->
+<style>
+body { font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; color: #000; background: #fff; margin: 8px; }
+h1 { clear: both; width: 100%; text-align: center; font-size: 120%; background: #eef; margin: 14px 0 6px; padding: 2px 0; }
+h1.top { font-size: 150%; margin-top: 0; }
+.lefthand { float: left; width: 70%; }
+.righthand { text-align: right; }
+a { color: #00c; } a:visited { color: #551a8b; }
+table.data { border-collapse: collapse; margin: 4px 0; }
+table.data th, table.data td { border: 1px solid #99a; padding: 2px 6px; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; }
+table.data th { background: #dde; font-weight: bold; }
+.mono, table.data td.mono { font-family: monospace; }
+table.data tr.loop td { background: #ffc; }
+table.data tr.mine td.owner { font-weight: bold; }
+.ok { color: #080; font-weight: bold; } .bad { color: #c00; font-weight: bold; } .warn { color: #a60; font-weight: bold; }
+.dim { color: #666; }
+table.form td { padding: 2px 6px 2px 0; }
+table.form td:first-child { width: 11em; }
+select { max-width: 14em; }
+pre.bytes { border: 1px solid #99a; background: #fff; padding: 4px; margin: 4px 0; font-size: 12px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-all; line-height: 1.6; }
+.hh { background: #dde; } .hl { background: #fcc; } .ha { background: #cfc; } .ha2 { background: #ada; } .hn { background: #ffc; }
+#event-log { font-family: monospace; font-size: 12px; max-height: 22em; overflow-y: auto; }
+#event-log div { white-space: pre-wrap; }
+pre.bytes span[data-kind] { cursor: help; }
+pre.bytes span[data-kind]:hover, pre.bytes span[data-kind]:focus { outline: 1px solid #00c; }
+#tip { position: absolute; z-index: 10; max-width: 46em; background: #fff; border: 1px solid #99a; font-size: 12px; }
+#tip .tip-title { background: #eef; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; padding: 1px 6px; border-bottom: 1px solid #99a; }
+#tip table { border-collapse: collapse; }
+#tip td { padding: 1px 6px; vertical-align: top; }
+#tip td:first-child { color: #666; white-space: nowrap; }
+#tip td.mono { word-break: break-word; }
+details { clear: both; margin: 8px 0 0; }
+summary { cursor: pointer; color: #00c; }
+summary:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
+#config-text { border: 1px solid #99a; padding: 4px 6px; margin: 4px 0; font-size: 12px; overflow-x: auto; }
+address { font-size: smaller; margin-top: 2em; color: #444; }
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<h1 class="top">Status for ferrix_bgp</h1>
+
+<div>
+<div class="lefthand">
+Started: <span id="s-started">...</span> (up <span id="s-uptime">...</span>)<br>
+Version <span id="s-version">...</span><br>
+Router ID <b id="s-router-id">...</b>, local AS <b id="s-asn">...</b><br>
+</div>
+<div class="righthand">
+Running on <span id="s-hostname">...</span><br>
+View: <a href="/metricz">variables</a>, <a href="/api/status">status json</a>, <a href="/api/peers">peers json</a>, <a href="/api/routes/local">local routes json</a>, <a href="/api/routes/received">received routes json</a>, <a href="/api/pings">pings json</a><br>
+<span id="refresh-ctl"></span><br>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<details id="config-zippy" hidden>
+<summary>Configuration <span class="dim" id="config-path"></span></summary>
+<pre id="config-text"></pre>
+</details>
+
+<h1 id="peers">Peers (<span id="peers-count">...</span>)</h1>
+<table class="data">
+<thead><tr><th>name</th><th>peer</th><th>AS</th><th>state</th><th>opened by</th><th>local address (next hop)</th><th>established</th><th>uptime</th><th>4-byte AS</th><th>detail</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody id="peers-body"></tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h1 id="announce">Announce a prefix</h1>
+<form id="announce-form" autocomplete="off">
+<table class="form">
+<tr><td><label for="f-owner">Owner (your name):</label></td><td><input id="f-owner" size="20" maxlength="64" required></td>
+    <td><label for="f-prefix">Prefix:</label></td><td><input id="f-prefix" size="24" required placeholder="2a0d:d741:1::/48"></td></tr>
+<tr><td><label for="f-origin">Origin:</label></td><td><select id="f-origin"><option>IGP</option><option>EGP</option><option>INCOMPLETE</option></select></td>
+    <td><label for="f-med">MED:</label></td><td><input id="f-med" type="number" min="0" max="4294967295" placeholder="none" style="width:8em"></td></tr>
+</table>
+<table class="form">
+<tr><td><label for="f-communities">Communities:</label></td><td><input id="f-communities" size="50" placeholder="65000:100, NO_EXPORT">
+    <select id="f-wk" aria-label="Add a well-known community"><option value="">+ well-known...</option></select>
+    <span class="dim">comma separated, ASN:VALUE or a name</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><label for="f-large">Large communities:</label></td><td><input id="f-large" size="50" placeholder="210036:0:0, 210036:1:42476">
+    <select id="f-lc" aria-label="Add a large community preset"><option value="">+ presets...</option></select>
+    <span class="dim">GLOBAL:LOCAL1:LOCAL2</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td><input type="submit" value="Announce"> <input type="button" id="f-clear" value="Clear">
+    &nbsp; <span id="announce-msg"></span></td></tr>
+</table>
+</form>
+
+<h1 id="local">Local routes (<span id="local-count">...</span>)</h1>
+<table class="data">
+<thead><tr><th>prefix</th><th>owner</th><th>origin</th><th>AS path</th><th>MED</th><th>communities</th><th>large communities</th><th>age</th><th>actions</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody id="local-body"></tbody>
+</table>
+
+<div id="pings-section" hidden>
+<h1 id="pings">Pings to announced addresses (<span id="pings-count">...</span>)</h1>
+<div class="dim" id="pings-note"></div>
+<table class="data">
+<thead><tr><th>destination</th><th>route</th><th>owner</th><th>from</th><th>arrived on</th><th>hop limit</th><th>pings</th><th>last sequence</th><th>first seen</th><th>last seen</th><th>actions</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody id="pings-body"></tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<h1 id="received">Received routes, Adj-RIB-In (<span id="received-count">...</span>)</h1>
+<table class="data">
+<thead><tr><th>prefix</th><th>from peer</th><th>AS path</th><th>next hop</th><th>origin</th><th>MED</th><th>communities</th><th>large communities</th><th>age</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody id="received-body"></tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h1 id="events">Event log</h1>
+<div id="log-state" class="dim"></div>
+<div id="event-log"></div>
+<div id="tip" hidden></div>
+
+<address>ferrix_bgp &middot; <a href="/statusz">/statusz</a> <a href="/metricz">/metricz</a> <a href="/api/events">/api/events</a></address>
+
+<script>
+(() => {
+  // Large-community presets offered next to the field, grouped by who acts
+  // on them. "PEER" is replaced by an AS number the user is asked for.
+  //   AS210036: docs/lab/prod/bird-ferrix.conf (lab_export_allowed). Every
+  //             session there has a neighbour AS and a location; "never"
+  //             (functions 0 and 2) beats "announce" (1 and 3) beats 0:0.
+  //   SwissIX:  https://www.swissix.ch/resources/action-bgp-communities/
+  const LOCATIONS = { 1: 'SwissIX', 2: 'NL-ix', 3: 'France-IX', 4: 'DE-CIX Frankfurt', 5: 'Free-IX Switzerland', 6: 'Community-IX.ch', 100: 'transit', 200: 'downstream customers' };
+  const LARGE_PRESET_GROUPS = [
+    ['AS210036', 'AS210036: by neighbour', [
+      ['210036:0:0',     'announce nowhere (then add where to)'],
+      ['210036:1:42476', 'announce to the SwissIX route servers'],
+      ['210036:1:PEER',  'announce to neighbour AS'],
+      ['210036:0:PEER',  'never announce to neighbour AS'],
+    ]],
+    ['AS210036', 'AS210036: by location', Object.entries(LOCATIONS).filter(([id]) => id < 100).map(([id, name]) => [`210036:3:${id}`, `announce at ${name}`])
+      .concat([['210036:2:100', 'never announce to transit']])],
+    ['SwissIX', 'SwissIX route servers (AS42476)', [
+      ['42476:0:0',    'send to nobody'],
+      ['42476:1:559',  'send to SWITCH (AS559)'],
+      ['42476:1:PEER', 'send to peer AS'],
+      ['42476:0:PEER', 'do not send to peer AS'],
+      ['42476:1:0',    'send to all (default)'],
+      ['42476:901:PEER', 'add NO_EXPORT towards peer AS'],
+      ['42476:902:PEER', 'add NO_ADVERTISE towards peer AS'],
+    ]],
+  ];
+
+  const $ = id => document.getElementById(id);
+  const esc = s => String(s).replace(/[&<>"]/g, c => ({'&':'&amp;','<':'&lt;','>':'&gt;','"':'&quot;'}[c]));
+  const state = { status: null, peers: [], local: [], received: [], pings: null, wellKnown: {}, openWire: new Set(), openPing: new Set(), wire: new Map() };
+  const DASH = '<span class="dim">-</span>';
+
+  // ---- helpers -----------------------------------------------------------
+  const fmtDur = s => {
+    s = Math.max(0, Math.floor(s));
+    const d = Math.floor(s / 86400), h = Math.floor(s % 86400 / 3600), m = Math.floor(s % 3600 / 60), sec = s % 60;
+    return d ? `${d}d ${h}h` : h ? `${h}h ${m}m` : m ? `${m}m ${sec}s` : `${sec}s`;
+  };
+  const now = () => Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
+  // Tables are only rewritten when their markup actually changes, so a
+  // refresh with unchanged data never touches the DOM (no flicker, and open
+  // rows, selections and hover state survive). Anything that changes with
+  // the clock is a placeholder that tick() fills in as plain text.
+  function setHTML(el, html) { if (el._html !== html) { el.innerHTML = html; el._html = html; tick(); } }
+  const age = unix => `<span data-since="${unix}"></span>`;
+  const until = unix => `<span data-until="${unix}"></span>`;
+  function tick() {
+    const t = now();
+    document.querySelectorAll('[data-since]').forEach(e => { const v = fmtDur(t - e.dataset.since); if (e.textContent !== v) e.textContent = v; });
+    document.querySelectorAll('[data-until]').forEach(e => { const v = fmtDur(e.dataset.until - t); if (e.textContent !== v) e.textContent = v; });
+    if (state.status) $('s-uptime').textContent = fmtDur(t - state.status.started_at_unix);
+  }
+  const fmtTime = unix => new Date(unix * 1000).toLocaleTimeString();
+  const commList = (list, wk) => list.length ? list.map(c => {
+    const name = wk && state.wellKnown[c];
+    return name ? `<span title="${esc(c)}">${esc(name)}</span>` : esc(c);
+  }).join(' ') : DASH;
+  const asPath = p => p.length ? p.join(' ') : '<span class="dim">(empty)</span>';
+  const myOwner = () => $('f-owner').value.trim();
+
+  async function getJSON(url) {
+    const r = await fetch(url);
+    if (!r.ok) throw new Error(`${url}: ${r.status}`);
+    return r.json();
+  }
+
+  // ---- renderers ---------------------------------------------------------
+  function renderStatus() {
+    const s = state.status; if (!s) return;
+    $('s-router-id').textContent = s.router_id; $('s-asn').textContent = s.local_asn;
+    $('s-version').textContent = s.version; $('s-hostname').textContent = s.hostname;
+    $('s-started').textContent = new Date(s.started_at_unix * 1000).toString().replace(/ \(.*\)$/, '');
+    tick();
+  }
+
+  const STATE_CLASS = { Established: 'ok', Connecting: 'warn', Backoff: 'bad', Idle: 'dim' };
+  function renderPeers() {
+    const b = $('peers-body');
+    $('peers-count').textContent = `${state.peers.filter(p => p.state === 'Established').length} of ${state.peers.length} established`;
+    if (!state.peers.length) { setHTML(b, '<tr><td colspan="10" class="dim">No peers configured and none connected.</td></tr>'); return; }
+    setHTML(b, state.peers.map(p => {
+      const up = p.state === 'Established';
+      const detail = p.state === 'Backoff' ? `${esc(p.last_error || '')}; retry in ${until(p.retry_at_unix)}` : '';
+      return `<tr>
+        <td>${p.name ? esc(p.name) : '<span class="dim">(inbound)</span>'}</td><td class="mono">${esc(p.peer_addr)}</td><td>${p.peer_asn}</td>
+        <td><span class="${STATE_CLASS[p.state] || ''}">${esc(p.state)}</span></td><td>${up ? (p.direction === 'outbound' ? 'us' : 'peer') : DASH}</td>
+        <td class="mono">${up ? esc(p.local_addr) : DASH}</td><td>${up ? fmtTime(p.established_at_unix) : DASH}</td>
+        <td>${up ? age(p.established_at_unix) : DASH}</td><td>${up ? (p.four_octet_asn ? 'yes' : 'no') : DASH}</td><td>${detail}</td></tr>`;
+    }).join(''));
+  }
+
+  function renderLocal() {
+    const b = $('local-body'); $('local-count').textContent = state.local.length;
+    if (!state.local.length) { setHTML(b, '<tr><td colspan="9" class="dim">Nothing announced yet.</td></tr>'); return; }
+    const me = myOwner(), asn = state.status ? state.status.local_asn : '?', stale = [];
+    setHTML(b, state.local.map(r => {
+      const mine = r.owner === me, open = state.openWire.has(r.prefix), p = esc(r.prefix);
+      const withdraw = mine ? `<a href="#" data-act="withdraw" data-prefix="${p}">withdraw</a>`
+                            : '<span class="dim" title="only the owner can withdraw">withdraw</span>';
+      return `<tr class="${mine ? 'mine' : ''}">
+        <td class="mono">${p}</td><td class="owner">${esc(r.owner)}</td><td>${esc(r.origin)}</td>
+        <td class="mono">${Array(1 + r.prepend).fill(asn).join(' ')}</td><td>${r.med ?? DASH}</td>
+        <td class="mono">${commList(r.communities, true)}</td><td class="mono">${commList(r.large_communities)}</td><td>${age(r.announced_at_unix)}</td>
+        <td><a href="#" data-act="wire" data-prefix="${p}">${open ? 'hide bytes' : 'bytes'}</a> | ${withdraw}</td></tr>` +
+        (open ? `<tr><td colspan="9">${wireHTML(r, stale)}</td></tr>` : '');
+    }).join(''));
+    stale.forEach(loadWire);
+  }
+
+  function renderReceived() {
+    const b = $('received-body'); $('received-count').textContent = state.received.length;
+    if (!state.received.length) { setHTML(b, '<tr><td colspan="9" class="dim">No routes received from peers.</td></tr>'); return; }
+    const localPrefixes = new Set(state.local.map(r => r.prefix));
+    setHTML(b, state.received.map(r => { const s = r.summary; return `<tr class="${localPrefixes.has(r.prefix) ? 'loop' : ''}">
+      <td class="mono">${esc(r.prefix)}</td><td class="mono">${esc(r.peer_addr)} <span class="dim">AS${r.peer_asn}</span></td><td class="mono">${asPath(s.as_path)}</td>
+      <td class="mono">${s.next_hop ? esc(s.next_hop) : DASH}</td><td>${s.origin ? esc(s.origin) : DASH}</td><td>${s.med ?? DASH}</td>
+      <td class="mono">${commList(s.communities, true)}</td><td class="mono">${commList(s.large_communities)}</td><td>${age(r.received_at_unix)}</td></tr>`; }).join(''));
+  }
+
+  // Pings are shown per source and destination pair. The router answers
+  // them itself; this table is a copy of what arrived.
+  function renderPings() {
+    const p = state.pings; if (!p || p.status === 'disabled') { $('pings-section').hidden = true; return; }
+    $('pings-section').hidden = false;
+    if (p.status === 'failed') {
+      $('pings-count').textContent = 'off';
+      $('pings-note').innerHTML = `<span class="bad">The ping monitor could not start:</span> ${esc(p.detail || 'unknown error')}`;
+      setHTML($('pings-body'), ''); return;
+    }
+    const more = p.total_flows > p.flows.length ? `, showing the ${p.flows.length} most recent` : '';
+    $('pings-count').textContent = `${p.total_flows} flow${p.total_flows === 1 ? '' : 's'}${more}`;
+    $('pings-note').innerHTML = '';
+    if (!p.flows.length) { setHTML($('pings-body'), '<tr><td colspan="11" class="dim">No pings seen yet.</td></tr>'); return; }
+    const me = myOwner();
+    setHTML($('pings-body'), p.flows.map(f => { const key = `${f.src}|${f.dst}`, open = state.openPing.has(key); return `<tr class="${f.owner && f.owner === me ? 'mine' : ''}">
+      <td class="mono">${esc(f.dst)}</td><td class="mono">${f.prefix ? esc(f.prefix) : '<span class="dim">not announced</span>'}</td><td class="owner">${f.owner ? esc(f.owner) : DASH}</td>
+      <td class="mono">${esc(f.src)}</td><td class="mono">${f.interface ? esc(f.interface) : DASH}</td>
+      <td>${f.hop_limit == null ? DASH : `${f.hop_limit} <span class="dim">(${f.hops} hop${f.hops === 1 ? '' : 's'} away)</span>`}</td>
+      <td>${f.count}</td><td>${f.seq}</td><td>${fmtTime(f.first_seen_unix)}</td><td>${age(f.last_seen_unix)} ago</td>
+      <td><a href="#" data-act="ping-bytes" data-key="${esc(key)}">${open ? 'hide bytes' : 'bytes'}</a></td></tr>` +
+      (open ? `<tr><td colspan="11">${pingBytesHTML(f)}</td></tr>` : ''); }).join(''));
+  }
+  // The last echo request of a flow, split into the fields of RFC 4443. It
+  // starts at the ICMPv6 header: the socket we listen on is never given the
+  // IPv6 header, whose interesting fields are the columns of the table.
+  function pingBytesHTML(f) {
+    const bytes = f.hex.match(/../g) || [], segs = [];
+    const take = (n, cls, kind) => { if (bytes.length) segs.push({ cls, kind, hex: bytes.splice(0, n).join(' ') }); };
+    take(1, 'hh', 'icmp-type'); take(1, 'hh', 'icmp-code'); take(2, 'hl', 'icmp-checksum');
+    take(2, 'ha', 'icmp-ident'); take(2, 'ha2', 'icmp-seq'); take(bytes.length, 'hn', 'icmp-payload');
+    const kept = f.hex.length / 2;
+    return `Last ICMPv6 message from <b>${esc(f.src)}</b>, ${f.bytes} bytes${kept < f.bytes ? ` (first ${kept} shown)` : ''}, IPv6 header not included &nbsp;
+      <span class="hh">&nbsp;type, code&nbsp;</span> <span class="hl">&nbsp;checksum&nbsp;</span> <span class="ha">&nbsp;identifier, sequence&nbsp;</span> <span class="hn">&nbsp;payload&nbsp;</span>
+      <span class="dim">(hover a segment to decode it)</span>
+      <pre class="bytes">${segs.map(x => `<span class="${x.cls}" tabindex="0" data-kind="${x.kind}" data-hex="${x.hex}">${x.hex}</span>`).join(' ')}</pre>`;
+  }
+  function decodePing(kind, b) {
+    switch (kind) {
+      case 'icmp-type': return { title: 'ICMPv6: type', rows: [['value', `${b[0]} = ${{128: 'Echo Request', 129: 'Echo Reply'}[b[0]] || 'other'}`], ['meaning', 'The router answers with type 129, Echo Reply, carrying the same identifier, sequence number and payload.']] };
+      case 'icmp-code': return { title: 'ICMPv6: code', rows: [['value', `${b[0]}`], ['meaning', 'Always 0 for echo messages.']] };
+      case 'icmp-checksum': return { title: 'ICMPv6: checksum', rows: [['value', `0x${u(b, 0, 2).toString(16).padStart(4, '0')}`], ['covers', 'This message and a pseudo-header holding the IPv6 source and destination addresses, so it differs between two otherwise equal pings to different addresses.']] };
+      case 'icmp-ident': return { title: 'Echo: identifier', rows: [['value', `${u(b, 0, 2)}`], ['meaning', 'Chosen by the sender so that several ping programs on one host can tell their replies apart.']] };
+      case 'icmp-seq': return { title: 'Echo: sequence number', rows: [['value', `${u(b, 0, 2)}`], ['meaning', 'Counts up with every request; a gap in the replies is a lost packet.']] };
+      default: {
+        const rows = [['length', `${b.length} bytes shown`], ['as text', b.map(x => x >= 32 && x < 127 ? String.fromCharCode(x) : '.').join('')]];
+        // ping puts the time of sending first so that the reply carries it
+        // back. Only claim that when the value is in fact close to now.
+        const near = secs => Math.abs(secs - now()) < 86400;
+        const le = b.length >= 16 && !b[4] && !b[5] && !b[6] && !b[7] ? b[0] + b[1] * 256 + b[2] * 65536 + b[3] * 16777216 : null;
+        const be = b.length >= 8 ? u(b, 0, 4) : null;
+        if (le != null && near(le)) rows.push(['starts with', `the sender's clock when it sent this: ${new Date(le * 1000).toLocaleTimeString()} (a 16-byte timeval, as Linux ping writes it)`]);
+        else if (be != null && near(be)) rows.push(['starts with', `the sender's clock when it sent this: ${new Date(be * 1000).toLocaleTimeString()} (an 8-byte timestamp, as BSD and macOS ping6 write it)`]);
+        rows.push(['meaning', 'Anything the sender likes; the reply must return it unchanged.']);
+        return { title: 'Echo: payload', rows };
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // A ping event carries the whole row, so the table follows the stream
+  // without asking the server again.
+  function pingSeen(f) {
+    const p = state.pings; if (!p || p.status !== 'listening') return;
+    const at = p.flows.findIndex(x => x.src === f.src && x.dst === f.dst);
+    if (at >= 0) p.flows.splice(at, 1); else p.total_flows++;
+    p.flows.unshift(f); p.flows.length = Math.min(p.flows.length, 100);
+    renderPings();
+  }
+
+  // ---- wire view: split the UPDATE bytes into labelled fields ------------
+  const ATTR_NAMES = {1:'ORIGIN',2:'AS_PATH',3:'NEXT_HOP',4:'MED',5:'LOCAL_PREF',6:'ATOMIC_AGGREGATE',7:'AGGREGATOR',8:'COMMUNITIES',14:'MP_REACH_NLRI',15:'MP_UNREACH_NLRI',16:'EXT_COMMUNITIES',32:'LARGE_COMMUNITIES'};
+  function segmentUpdate(hex) {
+    const bytes = hex.match(/../g) || [], segs = [];
+    const take = (n, cls, kind) => { segs.push({ cls, kind, hex: bytes.splice(0, n).join(' ') }); };
+    take(16, 'hh', 'marker'); take(2, 'hh', 'length'); take(1, 'hh', 'type');
+    const wlen = parseInt(hex.substr(38, 4), 16); take(2, 'hl', 'wlen'); if (wlen) take(wlen, 'hn', 'withdrawn');
+    const alen = parseInt(bytes.slice(0, 2).join(''), 16); take(2, 'hl', 'alen');
+    let rem = alen, i = 0;
+    while (rem > 0) {
+      const ext = parseInt(bytes[0], 16) & 0x10;
+      const hdr = ext ? 4 : 3, len = ext ? parseInt(bytes[2] + bytes[3], 16) : parseInt(bytes[2], 16);
+      take(hdr + len, i++ % 2 ? 'ha2' : 'ha', 'attr'); rem -= hdr + len;
+    }
+    if (bytes.length) take(bytes.length, 'hn', 'nlri');
+    return segs;
+  }
+
+  // ---- decoding a hovered segment into something readable ----------------
+  const u = (b, o, n) => { let v = 0; for (let k = 0; k < n; k++) v = v * 256 + b[o + k]; return v; };
+  const fmtV4 = b => b.slice(0, 4).join('.');
+  function fmtV6(b) {
+    const g = []; for (let k = 0; k < 16; k += 2) g.push(((b[k] << 8) | b[k + 1]).toString(16));
+    let best = -1, bestLen = 0;
+    for (let k = 0; k < 8; k++) { let n = 0; while (k + n < 8 && g[k + n] === '0') n++; if (n > bestLen && n > 1) { best = k; bestLen = n; } }
+    if (best < 0) return g.join(':');
+    return g.slice(0, best).join(':') + '::' + g.slice(best + bestLen).join(':');
+  }
+  function prefixList(b, afi) {
+    const out = []; let o = 0;
+    while (o < b.length) {
+      const len = b[o++], n = Math.ceil(len / 8), raw = b.slice(o, o + n); o += n;
+      const full = raw.concat(Array((afi === 2 ? 16 : 4) - raw.length).fill(0));
+      out.push((afi === 2 ? fmtV6(full) : fmtV4(full)) + '/' + len);
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+  function largeLabel(c) {
+    // Our own scheme is decoded from its structure, so any value reads well,
+    // not only the ones in the menu.
+    const own = c.match(/^210036:([0-3]):(\d+)$/);
+    if (own) {
+      const [f, t] = [Number(own[1]), Number(own[2])], where = LOCATIONS[t] || `location ${t}`;
+      if (f === 0 && t === 0) return 'AS210036: announce nowhere, unless another community says where';
+      if (f === 0) return `AS210036: never announce to AS${t}`;
+      if (f === 1) return `AS210036: announce to AS${t}${t === 42476 ? ' (the SwissIX route servers)' : ''}`;
+      return `AS210036: ${f === 2 ? 'never announce' : 'announce'} ${t >= 100 ? 'to' : 'at'} ${where}`;
+    }
+    // Exact presets first, so 42476:1:559 reads "SWITCH" rather than "AS559".
+    for (const pass of [false, true]) for (const [who, , presets] of LARGE_PRESET_GROUPS) for (const [pattern, label] of presets) {
+      if (pattern.includes('PEER') !== pass) continue;
+      const m = c.match(new RegExp('^' + pattern.replace('PEER', '(\\d+)') + '$'));
+      if (m) return `${who}: ${label.replace(/(peer|neighbour) AS/, 'AS' + (m[1] || ''))}`;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+  const AFI = { 1: 'IPv4', 2: 'IPv6' }, SAFI = { 1: 'unicast', 2: 'multicast' };
+  function decodeAttr(b, w4) {
+    const flags = b[0], type = b[1], ext = flags & 0x10, hdr = ext ? 4 : 3, len = ext ? u(b, 2, 2) : b[2], v = b.slice(hdr);
+    const name = ATTR_NAMES[type] || `attribute ${type}`;
+    const rows = [
+      ['flags', `0x${flags.toString(16)}: ${flags & 0x80 ? 'optional' : 'well-known'}, ${flags & 0x40 ? 'transitive' : 'non-transitive'}${flags & 0x20 ? ', partial' : ''}${ext ? ', 2-byte length' : ''}`],
+      ['type code', `${type}`], ['value length', `${len} bytes`],
+    ];
+    switch (type) {
+      case 1: rows.push(['origin', ['IGP (originated inside the AS)', 'EGP', 'INCOMPLETE (learned some other way)'][v[0]] || `unknown ${v[0]}`]); break;
+      case 2: {
+        const w = w4 ? 4 : 2; let o = 0, hops = 0;
+        while (o + 2 <= v.length) {
+          const st = v[o], n = v[o + 1], asns = []; o += 2;
+          for (let k = 0; k < n; k++, o += w) asns.push(u(v, o, w));
+          rows.push([st === 2 ? 'AS_SEQUENCE' : st === 1 ? 'AS_SET' : `segment ${st}`, asns.join(' ')]);
+          hops += st === 2 ? n : 1;
+        }
+        rows.push(['path length', `${hops} (what best-path selection compares)`], ['AS number width', w4 ? '4 bytes (RFC 6793)' : '2 bytes']);
+        break;
+      }
+      case 3: rows.push(['next hop', fmtV4(v)]); break;
+      case 4: rows.push(['MED', `${u(v, 0, 4)} (lower is preferred, compared between routes from the same neighbour AS)`]); break;
+      case 5: rows.push(['local preference', `${u(v, 0, 4)} (higher is preferred)`]); break;
+      case 8: for (let o = 0; o + 4 <= v.length; o += 4) { const c = `${u(v, o, 2)}:${u(v, o + 2, 2)}`; rows.push(['community', c + (state.wellKnown[c] ? ` = ${state.wellKnown[c]}` : '')]); } break;
+      case 32: for (let o = 0; o + 12 <= v.length; o += 12) { const c = `${u(v, o, 4)}:${u(v, o + 4, 4)}:${u(v, o + 8, 4)}`, l = largeLabel(c); rows.push(['large community', c + (l ? ` = ${l}` : '')]); } break;
+      case 14: {
+        const afi = u(v, 0, 2), nhLen = v[3], nh = v.slice(4, 4 + nhLen);
+        rows.push(['address family', `${AFI[afi] || afi} ${SAFI[v[2]] || v[2]}`]);
+        if (nhLen === 4) rows.push(['next hop', fmtV4(nh)]);
+        else if (nhLen === 16) rows.push(['next hop', fmtV6(nh)]);
+        else if (nhLen === 32) rows.push(['next hop', fmtV6(nh.slice(0, 16))], ['link-local next hop', fmtV6(nh.slice(16))]);
+        prefixList(v.slice(5 + nhLen), afi).forEach(p => rows.push(['announced prefix', p]));
+        break;
+      }
+      case 15: { const afi = u(v, 0, 2); rows.push(['address family', `${AFI[afi] || afi} ${SAFI[v[2]] || v[2]}`]); prefixList(v.slice(3), afi).forEach(p => rows.push(['withdrawn prefix', p])); break; }
+      default: rows.push(['value', v.map(x => x.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join(' ')]);
+    }
+    return { title: `Path attribute: ${name}`, rows };
+  }
+  function decodeSegment(kind, b, w4) {
+    switch (kind) {
+      case 'marker': return { title: 'Header: marker', rows: [['value', '16 bytes of 0xff'], ['meaning', 'Fixed filler. It once carried authentication data; now it only helps a receiver find message boundaries.']] };
+      case 'length': return { title: 'Header: message length', rows: [['value', `${u(b, 0, 2)} bytes, including this 19-byte header`], ['limits', '19 to 4096 bytes']] };
+      case 'type': return { title: 'Header: message type', rows: [['value', `${b[0]} = ${['', 'OPEN', 'UPDATE', 'NOTIFICATION', 'KEEPALIVE', 'ROUTE-REFRESH'][b[0]] || 'unknown'}`]] };
+      case 'wlen': return { title: 'Withdrawn routes length', rows: [['value', `${u(b, 0, 2)} bytes`], ['meaning', u(b, 0, 2) ? 'IPv4 prefixes being withdrawn follow.' : 'No IPv4 prefixes are withdrawn by this message.']] };
+      case 'withdrawn': return { title: 'Withdrawn routes', rows: prefixList(b, 1).map(p => ['withdrawn prefix', p]) };
+      case 'alen': return { title: 'Total path attribute length', rows: [['value', `${u(b, 0, 2)} bytes`], ['meaning', 'The path attributes follow; whatever remains after them is IPv4 NLRI.']] };
+      case 'nlri': return { title: 'NLRI: announced IPv4 prefixes', rows: prefixList(b, 1).map(p => ['announced prefix', p]).concat([['encoding', 'one length byte, then only as many address bytes as the length needs']]) };
+      default: return decodeAttr(b, w4);
+    }
+  }
+  function showTip(el) {
+    const b = el.dataset.hex.split(' ').map(x => parseInt(x, 16));
+    const kind = el.dataset.kind, tip = $('tip');
+    const d = kind.startsWith('icmp-') ? decodePing(kind, b) : decodeSegment(kind, b, el.dataset.w4 === '1');
+    tip.innerHTML = `<div class="tip-title">${esc(d.title)}</div><table>${d.rows.map(([k, v]) => `<tr><td>${esc(k)}</td><td class="mono">${esc(v)}</td></tr>`).join('')}</table>`;
+    tip.hidden = false;
+    const rects = el.getClientRects(), first = rects[0], last = rects[rects.length - 1];
+    const left = Math.max(8, Math.min(first.left, window.innerWidth - tip.offsetWidth - 8));
+    tip.style.left = `${left + window.scrollX}px`; tip.style.top = `${last.bottom + window.scrollY + 4}px`;
+  }
+  const hideTip = () => { $('tip').hidden = true; };
+  const segOf = e => e.target.closest && e.target.closest('pre.bytes span[data-kind]');
+  document.addEventListener('mouseover', e => { const el = segOf(e); if (el) showTip(el); });
+  document.addEventListener('mouseout', e => { if (segOf(e)) hideTip(); });
+  document.addEventListener('focusin', e => { const el = segOf(e); if (el) showTip(el); });
+  document.addEventListener('focusout', e => { if (segOf(e)) hideTip(); });
+
+  // The bytes for a route depend only on the route itself and on which
+  // sessions are up, so they are fetched once per such combination and kept.
+  const wireSig = r => JSON.stringify(r) + '|' + state.peers.filter(p => p.state === 'Established').map(p => p.peer_addr + p.local_addr).join(',');
+  function wireHTML(route, stale) {
+    const cached = state.wire.get(route.prefix), sig = wireSig(route);
+    if (cached && cached.sig === sig) return cached.html;
+    stale.push(route);
+    // Keep showing the previous bytes while the new ones load.
+    return cached ? cached.html : '<span class="dim">loading...</span>';
+  }
+  async function loadWire(route) {
+    const sig = wireSig(route);
+    const pending = state.wire.get(route.prefix);
+    if (pending && pending.loading === sig) return;
+    state.wire.set(route.prefix, { ...(pending || { html: '<span class="dim">loading...</span>' }), loading: sig });
+    let html;
+    try {
+      const views = await getJSON(`/api/routes/local/wire?prefix=${encodeURIComponent(route.prefix)}`);
+      html = !views.length ? '<span class="dim">No established session to send this on.</span>' :
+        views.map(v => `UPDATE as sent to <b>${esc(v.peer_addr)}</b> AS${v.peer_asn}, ${v.length} bytes, next hop ${esc(v.next_hop)} &nbsp;
+        <span class="hh">&nbsp;header&nbsp;</span> <span class="hl">&nbsp;lengths&nbsp;</span> <span class="ha">&nbsp;path attributes&nbsp;</span> <span class="hn">&nbsp;NLRI&nbsp;</span>
+        <span class="dim">(hover a segment to decode it)</span>
+        <pre class="bytes">${segmentUpdate(v.hex).map(s => `<span class="${s.cls}" tabindex="0" data-kind="${s.kind}" data-w4="${v.four_octet_asn ? 1 : 0}" data-hex="${s.hex}">${s.hex}</span>`).join(' ')}</pre>`).join('');
+    } catch (e) { html = `<span class="bad">${esc(e.message)}</span>`; }
+    state.wire.set(route.prefix, { sig, html });
+    renderLocal();
+  }
+
+  // ---- data loading ------------------------------------------------------
+  async function loadStatus()   { state.status = await getJSON('/api/status'); renderStatus(); renderLocal(); }
+  async function loadPeers()    { state.peers = await getJSON('/api/peers'); renderPeers(); renderLocal(); }
+  async function loadLocal()    { state.local = await getJSON('/api/routes/local'); renderLocal(); renderReceived(); }
+  async function loadReceived() { state.received = await getJSON('/api/routes/received'); renderReceived(); }
+  async function loadPings()    { state.pings = await getJSON('/api/pings'); renderPings(); }
+  async function loadAll() { await Promise.all([loadStatus(), loadPeers(), loadLocal(), loadReceived(), loadPings()]); }
+
+  // ---- events ------------------------------------------------------------
+  function logEvent(html) {
+    const box = $('event-log'), d = document.createElement('div');
+    d.innerHTML = `${new Date().toLocaleTimeString()}  ${html}`;
+    box.prepend(d); while (box.children.length > 200) box.lastChild.remove();
+  }
+  const names = list => list.map(c => state.wellKnown[c] || c).map(esc).join(' ');
+  function describe(ev) {
+    switch (ev.type) {
+      case 'session_up': return `<span class="ok">session UP</span> with ${esc(ev.peer.name || ev.peer.peer_addr)} AS${ev.peer.peer_asn} (opened by ${ev.peer.direction === 'outbound' ? 'us' : 'peer'})`;
+      case 'route_refresh_requested': return `${esc(ev.peer.name || ev.peer.peer_addr)} AS${ev.peer.peer_asn} asked for a route refresh; re-sent all local routes`;
+      case 'session_down': return `<span class="bad">session DOWN</span> with ${esc(ev.peer_addr)} AS${ev.peer_asn}`;
+      case 'local_announced': { const r = ev.route; return `announced ${esc(r.prefix)} by ${esc(r.owner)}` +
+        (r.communities.length ? ` [${names(r.communities)}]` : '') + (r.large_communities.length ? ` [${names(r.large_communities)}]` : '') +
+        (r.prepend ? ` prepend ${r.prepend}` : '') + (r.med != null ? ` med ${r.med}` : ''); }
+      case 'local_withdrawn': return `<span class="warn">withdrew</span> ${esc(ev.prefix)}`;
+      case 'received_announced': return `received ${esc(ev.route.prefix)} from AS${ev.route.peer_asn} path [${ev.route.summary.as_path.join(' ')}]`;
+      case 'received_withdrawn': return `peer AS${ev.peer_asn} <span class="warn">withdrew</span> ${esc(ev.prefix)}`;
+      case 'ping_seen': { const f = ev.ping; return `ping to ${esc(f.dst)}${f.owner ? ` (${esc(f.owner)})` : ''} from ${esc(f.src)}` +
+        (f.interface ? ` via ${esc(f.interface)}` : '') + (f.hop_limit != null ? `, hop limit ${f.hop_limit}` : ''); }
+      case 'lagged': return `<span class="bad">missed ${ev.missed} events</span> on ${esc(ev.stream)}; reloading`;
+      default: return esc(JSON.stringify(ev));
+    }
+  }
+  function connect() {
+    const st = $('log-state');
+    const es = new EventSource('/api/events');
+    es.onopen = () => { st.textContent = 'Live: connected to the event stream.'; };
+    es.onerror = () => { st.textContent = 'Reconnecting to the event stream...'; };
+    // Events only feed the log. How often the tables reload is decided by
+    // ?refresh=, so the page never changes faster than the reader asked for.
+    // Pings are the exception: the reader causes them from a terminal, not
+    // from this page, so their table follows the stream. A steady ping is
+    // logged once, when it starts.
+    es.addEventListener('bgp', e => {
+      const ev = JSON.parse(e.data);
+      if (ev.type === 'ping_seen') { pingSeen(ev.ping); if (!ev.new_burst) return; }
+      logEvent(describe(ev));
+    });
+  }
+
+  // ---- auto-refresh, opt-in through ?refresh=<seconds> --------------------
+  const refreshParam = parseInt(new URLSearchParams(location.search).get('refresh'), 10);
+  const REFRESH = Number.isFinite(refreshParam) && refreshParam >= 1 ? Math.min(refreshParam, 3600) : 0;
+  function refreshLink(seconds, text) {
+    const url = new URL(location.href);
+    if (seconds) url.searchParams.set('refresh', seconds); else url.searchParams.delete('refresh');
+    return `<a href="${esc(url.pathname + url.search + url.hash)}">${text}</a>`;
+  }
+  function renderRefreshControl() {
+    $('refresh-ctl').innerHTML = (REFRESH
+      ? `Auto-refresh: <b>every ${fmtDur(REFRESH)}</b> (${refreshLink(0, 'turn off')})`
+      : `Auto-refresh: off (turn on: ${[2, 5, 30].map(n => refreshLink(n, n + 's')).join(', ')})`) +
+      ` &middot; <a href="#" id="reload-now">reload now</a>`;
+    $('reload-now').addEventListener('click', e => { e.preventDefault(); loadAll().catch(console.error); });
+  }
+
+  // ---- form --------------------------------------------------------------
+  // The reader's own action is not "auto" refresh: show its effect at once,
+  // and again shortly after for whatever the network sends back.
+  function reloadAfterAction() { loadAll().catch(console.error); setTimeout(() => loadAll().catch(console.error), 1500); }
+  const splitList = s => s.split(',').map(x => x.trim()).filter(Boolean);
+  function setMsg(text, cls) { const m = $('announce-msg'); m.className = cls || ''; m.textContent = text; }
+  function appendTo(id, value) {
+    const cur = splitList($(id).value); if (!cur.includes(value)) cur.push(value);
+    $(id).value = cur.join(', ');
+  }
+  $('announce-form').addEventListener('submit', async e => {
+    e.preventDefault();
+    const body = {
+      prefix: $('f-prefix').value.trim(), owner: myOwner(), origin: $('f-origin').value,
+      communities: splitList($('f-communities').value),
+      large_communities: splitList($('f-large').value),
+    };
+    if ($('f-med').value !== '') body.med = Number($('f-med').value);
+    try { localStorage.setItem('owner', body.owner); } catch (_) {}
+    setMsg('announcing...', 'dim');
+    const r = await fetch('/api/routes/local', { method: 'POST', headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json' }, body: JSON.stringify(body) });
+    const j = await r.json().catch(() => ({}));
+    const up = state.peers.filter(p => p.state === 'Established').length;
+    if (r.ok) { setMsg(`announced ${j.prefix} to ${up} peer(s)`, 'ok'); reloadAfterAction(); }
+    else setMsg(`${r.status}: ${j.error || 'request failed'}`, 'bad');
+  });
+  $('f-clear').addEventListener('click', () => { ['f-prefix','f-communities','f-large','f-med'].forEach(id => $(id).value = ''); $('f-origin').value = 'IGP'; setMsg(''); });
+  $('f-wk').addEventListener('change', e => { if (e.target.value) appendTo('f-communities', e.target.value); e.target.value = ''; });
+  $('f-lc').addEventListener('change', e => {
+    let v = e.target.value; e.target.value = '';
+    if (!v) return;
+    if (v.includes('PEER')) {
+      const peer = (prompt('AS number of the peer or neighbour?') || '').trim().replace(/^AS/i, '');
+      if (!/^\d+$/.test(peer)) { if (peer) setMsg(`"${peer}" is not an AS number`, 'bad'); return; }
+      v = v.replace('PEER', peer);
+    }
+    appendTo('f-large', v);
+  });
+  $('f-owner').addEventListener('input', () => { renderLocal(); renderPings(); });
+  $('pings-body').addEventListener('click', e => {
+    const link = e.target.closest('a[data-act="ping-bytes"]'); if (!link) return;
+    e.preventDefault();
+    const key = link.dataset.key;
+    state.openPing.has(key) ? state.openPing.delete(key) : state.openPing.add(key);
+    renderPings();
+  });
+  $('local-body').addEventListener('click', async e => {
+    const link = e.target.closest('a[data-act]'); if (!link) return;
+    e.preventDefault();
+    const prefix = link.dataset.prefix;
+    if (link.dataset.act === 'wire') { state.openWire.has(prefix) ? state.openWire.delete(prefix) : state.openWire.add(prefix); renderLocal(); return; }
+    if (!confirm(`Withdraw ${prefix}?`)) return;
+    const r = await fetch('/api/routes/local', { method: 'DELETE', headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json' }, body: JSON.stringify({ prefix, owner: myOwner() }) });
+    if (!r.ok) { const j = await r.json().catch(() => ({})); setMsg(`${r.status}: ${j.error || 'withdraw failed'}`, 'bad'); }
+    else { setMsg(`withdrew ${prefix}`, 'warn'); state.openWire.delete(prefix); state.wire.delete(prefix); reloadAfterAction(); }
+  });
+
+  // ---- boot --------------------------------------------------------------
+  try { $('f-owner').value = localStorage.getItem('owner') || ''; } catch (_) {}
+  LARGE_PRESET_GROUPS.forEach(([, title, presets]) => {
+    const g = document.createElement('optgroup'); g.label = title;
+    presets.forEach(([value, label]) => { const o = document.createElement('option'); o.value = value; o.textContent = `${value.replace('PEER', '<as>')}  ${label}`; g.appendChild(o); });
+    $('f-lc').appendChild(g);
+  });
+  getJSON('/api/communities/well-known').then(list => {
+    list.forEach(c => { state.wellKnown[c.value] = c.name; const o = document.createElement('option'); o.value = c.name; o.textContent = `${c.name} (${c.value})`; $('f-wk').appendChild(o); });
+    renderLocal(); renderReceived();
+  }).catch(console.error);
+  getJSON('/api/config').then(c => {
+    if (!c.text) return;
+    $('config-path').textContent = c.path ? `(${c.path}, as read at startup)` : '';
+    $('config-text').textContent = c.text;
+    $('config-zippy').hidden = false;
+  }).catch(console.error);
+  renderRefreshControl();
+  loadAll().catch(e => logEvent(`<span class="bad">${esc(e.message)}</span>`));
+  if (REFRESH) {
+    connect();
+    setInterval(() => loadAll().catch(console.error), REFRESH * 1000);
+    setInterval(tick, 1000);
+  } else {
+    // A snapshot: nothing moves until the reader reloads or turns refresh on.
+    $('log-state').textContent = 'The event log is live only while auto-refresh is on.';
+  }
+})();
+</script>
+</body>
+</html>

docs/RFCs.md

@@ -25,9 +25,17 @@ The base protocol specification.
 | §4.4 | KEEPALIVE message | ✅ |
 | §4.5 | NOTIFICATION message (all error codes and subcodes) | ✅ |
 | §8 | FSM — passive (inbound) side: OpenSent → OpenConfirm → Established | ✅ |
-| §8 | FSM — active (outbound) side: Idle → Connect → Active | ❌ |
+| §8 | FSM — active (outbound) side: dial configured peers, exponential retry | ✅ |
+| §6.2 | Bad Peer AS check against configured ASN | ✅ |
+| §6.7 / RFC 4486 | Cease / Administrative Shutdown sent to every peer on SIGINT or SIGTERM | ✅ |
+| §6.8 | Connection collision detection (BGP Identifier comparison, Cease / Connection Collision Resolution) | ✅ |
+| §8.1.1 | Optional `CollisionDetectEstablishedState` (`collision_detect_established_state`) | ✅ |
+| §6.2 | Bad BGP Identifier check (peer using our identifier, or 0.0.0.0) | ✅ |
 | §9 | Decision process / best-path selection | ❌ |
-| §9 | RIB (Adj-RIB-In, Loc-RIB, Adj-RIB-Out) | ❌ |
+| §9 | Adj-RIB-In (per-peer table of received routes) | ✅ |
+| §9 | Locally originated routes, advertised to all established peers | ✅ |
+| §9 | Loc-RIB / Adj-RIB-Out for routes learned from peers (re-advertisement) | ❌ |
+| §9.2 | Hold timer reset on any received message (not only KEEPALIVE) | ✅ |
 
 ---
 
@@ -59,7 +67,7 @@ https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2918
 | `RouteRefresh` capability advertisement | ✅ |
 | `ROUTE-REFRESH` message type (5) framing | ✅ |
 | AFI/SAFI payload parsing | ❌ |
-| Acting on received ROUTE-REFRESH (re-advertising routes) | ❌ |
+| Acting on received ROUTE-REFRESH (re-advertising all local routes, regardless of the AFI/SAFI asked for) | ✅ |
 
 ### RFC 7313 — Enhanced Route Refresh Capability for BGP-4
 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7313
@@ -100,7 +108,7 @@ https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2858
 
 | Feature | Status |
 |---------|--------|
-| `MultiProtocol` capability advertisement (IPv4 unicast) | ✅ |
+| `MultiProtocol` capability advertisement (IPv4 and IPv6 unicast) | ✅ |
 | `MP_REACH_NLRI` path attribute (parse, serialise) | ✅ |
 | `MP_UNREACH_NLRI` path attribute (parse, serialise) | ✅ |
 | IPv4 and IPv6 next-hop encoding | ✅ |
@@ -122,6 +130,7 @@ https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1997
 | Feature | Status |
 |---------|--------|
 | `COMMUNITIES` path attribute (parse, serialise) | ✅ |
+| Attach to locally originated routes | ✅ |
 
 ### RFC 4360 — BGP Extended Communities Attribute
 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4360
@@ -137,6 +146,7 @@ https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8092
 | Feature | Status |
 |---------|--------|
 | `LARGE_COMMUNITIES` path attribute (parse, serialise) | ✅ |
+| Attach to locally originated routes | ✅ |
 
 ---
 

docs/lab/HANDOUT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Announcing a prefix with BGP
+
+You have a BGP router. It speaks to two neighbouring autonomous systems, and
+whatever you announce will travel around a loop and come back to you, so you
+can see exactly what the network did with it.
+
+Open the router's status page (your instructor will give you the address,
+usually `http://<host>:8080/statusz`). Everything on the page is live.
+
+**Your prefix:** `10.100.<N>.0/24` where `N` is the number you were given.
+Use your name as *owner*: only you can withdraw what you announce.
+
+## The topology
+
+```
+ you ──announce──▶ AS65000 (ferrix) ──▶ AS65001 (r1) ──▶ AS65002 (r2) ──▶ back to AS65000
+```
+
+Everything under **Received routes** came in from a neighbour. A yellow row
+means it is one of the prefixes announced locally: it went around the loop.
+
+## Exercises
+
+1. **Plain announcement.** Announce your prefix with no options. Watch the
+   event log, then find your prefix in *Received routes*. What is its AS
+   path, and why is it that long? Which ASN appears first, and what does that
+   tell you about the direction the route travelled?
+
+2. **Read the bytes.** Click *bytes* on your route under *Local routes*.
+   Hover the coloured segments. Find the 16 bytes of marker, the length, and
+   the AS_PATH attribute. How many bytes does your ASN take up in the path,
+   and why?
+
+3. **NO_EXPORT.** Announce with the community `NO_EXPORT` (use the
+   well-known picker). Wait ten seconds. Does your prefix come back? Look at
+   the topology and explain which router stopped it and why it still
+   accepted it.
+
+4. **Asking a neighbour for help.** Announce with the community
+   `65001:100`. r1 has been configured to act on that. What changed in the AS
+   path this time, and who changed it? This is how real operators ask an
+   upstream to prepend on their behalf; look up your ISP's "BGP communities"
+   page later.
+
+5. **Blackholing.** Announce with `BLACKHOLE`. What happens? When would an
+   operator want this?
+
+6. **Withdraw.** Withdraw your prefix and watch the event log. How many
+   messages did it take, and what did the withdrawal look like on the wire
+   compared to the announcement? (Click *bytes* before withdrawing to compare.)
+
+## Things to notice
+
+- Your router never sent anyone else's routes onward. Only the two FRR
+  routers re-advertise. What is a router that re-advertises called, and what
+  would happen to the AS path if ferrix did it too?
+- The AS path is BGP's loop prevention. Your prefix came back with your own
+  ASN in the path and the router accepted it anyway. What should it have
+  done, and why is this lab allowed to cheat?
+- Communities are just 32-bit tags with no built-in meaning except a few
+  well-known ones. Everything r1 did with `65001:100` was policy someone
+  wrote. Whose job is it to document what a community means?

docs/lab/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# BGP teaching lab
+
+A small topology in which a prefix announced from the ferrix_bgp web UI is
+carried around a loop of two routers and arrives back, so students can watch
+what their path attributes and communities do.
+
+```
+        announce                     re-advertise
+ ┌─────────┐  ──────▶  ┌────────┐  ──────▶  ┌────────┐
+ │ ferrix  │           │  r1    │           │  r2    │
+ │ AS65000 │           │ AS65001│           │ AS65002│
+ │ web UI  │  ◀──────────────────────────────────────┘
+ └─────────┘   comes back with AS path 65002 65001 65000
+```
+
+- **ferrix** (AS65000, `10.200.0.1`) dials r1 and r2 and announces whatever
+  students enter on `http://localhost:8080/statusz`. It does not forward
+  routes it learns, so the only routes it sends are the students'.
+- **r1** (AS65001, FRR) applies policy to routes from ferrix based on the
+  communities they carry, then passes them to r2. It originates
+  `192.0.2.0/24`.
+- **r2** (AS65002, FRR) refuses routes directly from ferrix, so it only learns
+  student prefixes via r1, and re-advertises everything to ferrix. It
+  originates `198.51.100.0/24`.
+
+## Running it
+
+From the repository root:
+
+```
+docker compose -f docs/lab/docker-compose.yml up --build
+```
+
+Then open <http://localhost:8080/statusz>. Both peers should show
+`Established` within a few seconds and the received table should already
+list the two prefixes r1 and r2 originate.
+
+Useful on the routers:
+
+```
+docker exec r1 vtysh -c 'show bgp ipv4 unicast'
+docker exec r2 vtysh -c 'show bgp ipv4 unicast 10.100.1.0/24'
+docker exec r1 vtysh -c 'show bgp neighbors 10.200.0.1 advertised-routes'
+```
+
+## Policy on r1
+
+| Students set              | r1 does                                     | Visible effect in ferrix                              |
+|---------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
+| nothing                   | forwards to r2                              | prefix returns, AS path `65002 65001 65000`           |
+| `NO_EXPORT`               | keeps it, does not send to r2 (RFC 1997)    | prefix does not return                                |
+| `65001:100`               | prepends `65001` three times                | returns with path `65002 65001 65001 65001 65001 65000` |
+| `BLACKHOLE` (65535:666)   | drops it on import                          | prefix does not return                                |
+
+## Without containers
+
+`fake_peer` in `crates/integration-tests/examples` is enough for the core
+loop on one machine: it echoes every prefix back with its own ASN prepended
+and honours `NO_EXPORT`. See `bin/bgp/README.md`.
+
+## Caveats
+
+These container files were written without a container runtime to hand, so
+they have not been executed. Things most likely to need a touch:
+
+- the FRR image tag, and FRR's route-map / community-list syntax if your
+  version differs from 10.x;
+- `no bgp ebgp-requires-policy` is required on FRR 7.4+ or eBGP routes are
+  silently dropped; it is present in both configs;
+- ferrix binds port 179 inside its container, which requires no special
+  capability there. If you run it on the host instead, either run as root,
+  grant `CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE`, or change `listen_endpoints` and the FRR
+  neighbor port.
+- Both ferrix and the FRR routers dial each other, so connection collisions
+  (RFC 4271 §6.8) are normal at start-up: one of the two TCP connections is
+  closed with a Cease / Connection Collision Resolution NOTIFICATION and the
+  other carries the session. ferrix has the lowest BGP Identifier here, so
+  the connection the FRR router opened is the one that survives; the
+  "opened by" column on the status page shows which side that was.
+- ferrix does not check AS paths for its own ASN. That is what lets the
+  looped route be accepted; a production BGP speaker would reject it.

docs/lab/docker-compose.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Teaching lab: ferrix_bgp plus two FRR routers forming a loop, so a prefix
+# announced from the web UI travels ferrix -> r1 -> r2 -> ferrix and shows up
+# in the "received routes" table with the AS path it collected on the way.
+#
+#   AS65000 ferrix  10.200.0.1   web UI on http://localhost:8080/statusz
+#   AS65001 r1      10.200.0.2   applies community-driven policy
+#   AS65002 r2      10.200.0.3   learns only via r1, re-advertises to ferrix
+#
+# Usage (from the repository root):
+#   docker compose -f docs/lab/docker-compose.yml up --build
+#
+# NOTE: this topology has not been run by the author of this file on the
+# machine it was written on (no container runtime was available). Expect to
+# adjust image tags and FRR config syntax for the FRR version you pull.
+services:
+  ferrix:
+    build:
+      context: ../..
+    container_name: ferrix
+    volumes:
+      - ./ferrix.textpb:/etc/ferrix/server.textpb:ro
+    ports:
+      - "8080:8080"
+    networks:
+      lab:
+        ipv4_address: 10.200.0.1
+
+  r1:
+    image: quay.io/frrouting/frr:10.2.1
+    container_name: r1
+    privileged: true
+    volumes:
+      - ./r1:/etc/frr:ro
+    networks:
+      lab:
+        ipv4_address: 10.200.0.2
+
+  r2:
+    image: quay.io/frrouting/frr:10.2.1
+    container_name: r2
+    privileged: true
+    volumes:
+      - ./r2:/etc/frr:ro
+    networks:
+      lab:
+        ipv4_address: 10.200.0.3
+
+networks:
+  lab:
+    driver: bridge
+    ipam:
+      config:
+        - subnet: 10.200.0.0/24

docs/lab/ferrix.textpb

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+router_id: "10.200.0.1"
+local_asn: 65000
+listen_endpoints { address: "0.0.0.0" port: 179 }
+
+peers {
+    name: "r1"
+    endpoint { address: "10.200.0.2" port: 179 }
+    remote_asn: 65001
+    hold_time_seconds: 30
+}
+peers {
+    name: "r2"
+    endpoint { address: "10.200.0.3" port: 179 }
+    remote_asn: 65002
+    hold_time_seconds: 30
+}
+connect_retry_seconds: 5
+
+# If r1 or r2 is restarted it will dial us again while we still believe the
+# old session is up. Let that new connection replace the stale one straight
+# away instead of refusing it until the hold timer (30 s here) expires.
+collision_detect_established_state: true
+
+# Students may only announce out of 10.100.0.0/16; one /24 each is plenty.
+local_route_policy {
+    allowed_prefixes: "10.100.0.0/16"
+    max_routes_per_owner: 4
+}
+
+http_endpoint { address: "0.0.0.0" port: 8080 }

docs/lab/handout/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+*.aux
+*.log
+*.out
+*.fls
+*.fdb_latexmk
+*.synctex.gz
+build.log
+class.pdf

docs/lab/handout/build-class.py

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""One exercise sheet per student, with their prefix filled in, in one PDF.
+
+    python3 build-class.py 100            # students 1..100 -> class.pdf
+    python3 build-class.py 100 -o out.pdf
+    python3 build-class.py 5 12 -o few.pdf   # students 5..12
+
+Student n gets 2a0d:d741:<n in hex>::/48; the lab /40 allows 1..255. Each
+sheet is compiled separately and must come out to exactly two pages, so
+the result prints double-sided with one student per leaf. Needs pdflatex
+and pdfunite (poppler).
+"""
+import argparse
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+
+HERE = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+
+
+def page_count(pdf):
+    out = subprocess.run(["pdfinfo", pdf], capture_output=True, text=True, check=True).stdout
+    return int(next(line.split()[-1] for line in out.splitlines() if line.startswith("Pages:")))
+
+
+def main():
+    ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__.split("\n")[0])
+    ap.add_argument("first", type=int, help="first student number, or the count if it is the only number")
+    ap.add_argument("last", type=int, nargs="?")
+    ap.add_argument("-o", "--output", default=os.path.join(HERE, "class.pdf"))
+    args = ap.parse_args()
+    first, last = (1, args.first) if args.last is None else (args.first, args.last)
+    if not 1 <= first <= last <= 255:
+        sys.exit("student numbers must be within 1..255: the lab /40 has 255 usable /48s")
+
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+        for name in os.listdir(HERE):
+            if name.endswith((".tex", ".cls", ".sty", ".bst", ".bib")):
+                shutil.copy(os.path.join(HERE, name), tmp)
+        parts = []
+        for n in range(first, last + 1):
+            job = f"student-{n:03d}"
+            tex = f"\\def\\studentnum{{{n}}}\\def\\studenthex{{{n:x}}}\\input{{handout.tex}}"
+            for _ in range(2):  # twice, for the figure and table references
+                r = subprocess.run(["pdflatex", "-interaction=nonstopmode", "-halt-on-error", "-jobname", job, tex],
+                                   cwd=tmp, capture_output=True, text=True)
+                if r.returncode != 0:
+                    sys.exit(f"student {n}: pdflatex failed:\n{r.stdout[-2000:]}")
+            pdf = os.path.join(tmp, job + ".pdf")
+            pages = page_count(pdf)
+            if pages != 2:
+                sys.exit(f"student {n}: sheet is {pages} pages, not 2; double-sided printing would misalign")
+            parts.append(pdf)
+            print(f"\rstudent {n}: 2a0d:d741:{n:x}::/48", end="", flush=True)
+        print()
+        subprocess.run(["pdfunite", *parts, args.output], check=True)
+    print(f"wrote {args.output}: students {first}..{last}, {page_count(args.output)} pages")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

docs/lab/handout/handout.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+% Exercise sheet for the "Hands-on BGP" lecture: two A4 pages, one sheet.
+% Springer LNCS class (llncs.cls ships with TeX Live).  Build:  latexmk -pdf handout.tex
+\documentclass[a4paper]{llncs}
+
+\usepackage[a4paper,margin=1in]{geometry}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+\usepackage{microtype}
+\usepackage{booktabs}
+\usepackage{amssymb}
+\usepackage{listings}
+\usepackage{tikz}
+\usepackage[bitstream-charter]{mathdesign}
+\usetikzlibrary{positioning,arrows.meta}
+\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
+\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
+\renewcommand\UrlFont{\ttfamily\small}
+\pagestyle{empty}
+% Floats sit in the text here, so they need less air than in a paper.
+\setlength{\intextsep}{7pt}
+\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{4pt}
+\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{0pt}
+
+% ---- things to change per class -------------------------------------------
+\newcommand{\laburl}{https://bgplab.rayhaan.net/}
+% build-class.py compiles one copy per student with \studentnum and
+% \studenthex defined (e.g. 26 and 1a); without them this is the blank sheet.
+\providecommand{\studentnum}{}
+\providecommand{\studenthex}{}
+\ifx\studentnum\empty
+  \newcommand{\myprefix}{\texttt{2a0d:d741:}\underline{\texttt{\,n\,}}\texttt{::/48}}
+  \newcommand{\nhex}{<n>}
+\else
+  \newcommand{\myprefix}{\texttt{2a0d:d741:\studenthex::/48}}
+  \newcommand{\nhex}{\studenthex}
+\fi
+
+% ---- exercise machinery ------------------------------------------------------
+\lstset{basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,columns=fullflexible,keepspaces=true,
+  aboveskip=0.5em,belowskip=0.3em}
+\newcounter{task}[section]
+\renewcommand{\thetask}{\thesection.\arabic{task}}
+\newcommand{\task}[1]{\refstepcounter{task}\smallskip\noindent
+  \textbf{Task \thetask}\enspace\textit{#1}\enspace\ignorespaces}
+\newcommand{\answer}[1][1]{\par\nobreak
+  \foreach \i in {1,...,#1}{\vspace{1.0em}\noindent\makebox[\linewidth]{\dotfill}\par}\smallskip}
+% A labelled answer box: the label on its own line, then #1 dotted lines to
+% write on (default 2). Used side by side by \fillintwo and \fillinthree.
+\newcommand{\writelines}[1]{\foreach \i in {1,...,#1}{\vspace{1.0em}\makebox[\linewidth]{\dotfill}\par}}
+\newcommand{\fillbox}[3][2]{\parbox[t]{#2}{#3\par\nopagebreak\writelines{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\fillintwo}[3][2]{\par\nopagebreak\smallskip\noindent
+  \fillbox[#1]{0.485\linewidth}{#2}\hfill\fillbox[#1]{0.485\linewidth}{#3}\par\vspace{0.4em}}
+\newcommand{\fillinthree}[4][2]{\par\nopagebreak\smallskip\noindent
+  \fillbox[#1]{0.32\linewidth}{#2}\hfill\fillbox[#1]{0.32\linewidth}{#3}\hfill\fillbox[#1]{0.32\linewidth}{#4}\par\vspace{0.4em}}
+\newcommand{\cbox}{$\square$\;}
+\newcommand{\reach}{\par\nopagebreak\smallskip\noindent
+  Reachable from:\hspace{1.2em}\cbox laptop on the university network\hspace{2em}\cbox phone on mobile data\par\smallskip}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{Hands on BGP: Announcing and Steering an IPv6 Prefix}
+\author{Rayhaan Jaufeerally}
+\institute{Network Security, ETHZ\\ Lab page: \url{\laburl} (username ``netsec'', password ``perrig'')}
+\maketitle
+
+\medskip\noindent
+\ifx\studentnum\empty
+\parbox[t]{0.44\linewidth}{Name:~\dotfill}\hfill
+\parbox[t]{0.27\linewidth}{Prefix: \myprefix}
+
+\smallskip\noindent
+Your prefix is \myprefix, where \texttt{n} is your number \emph{in
+hexadecimal}.\par\noindent
+Student 10 has \texttt{2a0d:d741:a::/48} and student 26 has
+\texttt{2a0d:d741:1a::/48}.
+\else
+\parbox[t]{0.44\linewidth}{Name:~\dotfill}\hfill
+\parbox[t]{0.5\linewidth}{Student \studentnum\quad Prefix: \myprefix}
+
+\smallskip\noindent
+Your prefix is \myprefix: student number \studentnum, written in
+hexadecimal. Make sure to use this prefix in the exercise.
+\fi
+
+% ==============================================================================
+\section{Who Announces the Address You Are Using?}
+
+\task{Find your IPv6 address.}
+Open \texttt{https://bgp.tools} in a browser: the top of the page shows the address
+you are connecting from, the prefix it belongs to, and the network that
+announces that prefix.
+\fillinthree{Your IPv6 address:}{its prefix:}{announced by AS:}
+
+\task{Ask the registry.}
+The RIPE database  records who holds address space
+(\texttt{inet6num}, or \texttt{inetnum} for IPv4) and who may announce it
+(\texttt{route6}, \texttt{route}). Look up your IPv6 address, then your lab prefix:
+\begin{lstlisting}[escapeinside={(*}{*)}]
+whois <your IPv6 address>        whois 2a0d:d741:(*\nhex*)::/48
+\end{lstlisting}
+\fillintwo{Your IPv6 address: held by (\texttt{netname})}{\texttt{origin} AS:}
+\fillintwo{Your lab prefix: \texttt{origin} AS}{is it announced right now?}
+
+% ==============================================================================
+\section{Announcing Your Prefix}
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+\centering
+\begin{tikzpicture}[font=\footnotesize, node distance=5mm and 11mm,
+  box/.style={draw, rounded corners=1.5pt, minimum height=7.5mm, inner xsep=4pt, align=center},
+  bgp/.style={-{Stealth[length=2mm]}, dashed}, web/.style={-{Stealth[length=2mm]}}]
+  \node[box] (you) {you\\[-1pt]\scriptsize browser};
+  \node[box, right=of you] (ferrix) {lab daemon\\[-1pt]\scriptsize AS4200000001};
+  \node[box, right=of ferrix] (pr) {\texttt{pr01.rue}\\[-1pt]\scriptsize AS210036};
+  \node[box, right=of pr] (rs) {SwissIX route servers\\[-1pt]\scriptsize AS42476};
+  \node[box, right=of rs] (sw) {SWITCH (ETH)\\[-1pt]\scriptsize AS559};
+  \node[box, below=4mm of rs] (other) {other exchanges, transit};
+  \draw[web] (you) -- node[above, inner sep=1.5pt]{\tiny HTTPS} (ferrix);
+  \draw[bgp] (ferrix) -- node[above, inner sep=1.5pt]{\tiny BGP} (pr);
+  \draw[bgp] (pr) -- (rs);
+  \draw[bgp] (rs) -- (sw);
+  \draw[bgp] (pr) |- (other);
+\end{tikzpicture}
+\caption{The lab. Dashed arrows are BGP sessions; everything right of
+\texttt{pr01.rue} is the real Internet.}
+\label{fig:lab}
+\end{figure}
+
+\task{Announce.}
+Open \url{\laburl} (username ``netsec'' password ``perrig''). Enter your name as
+\emph{owner} and your prefix, and press \emph{Announce}.
+
+\task{Read what you sent.}
+Click \emph{bytes} next to your route and hover over the coloured segments.
+\fillintwo{AS number(s) in \texttt{AS\_PATH}:}{attribute carrying your prefix:}
+
+\task{See it from outside.}
+Wait a moment, then look your prefix up on \texttt{https://bgp.tools/super-lg}.
+\fillintwo{Origin AS the world sees:}{an AS path you found:}
+\noindent The lab daemon's AS4200000001 is missing from that path. Where did it go, and why?
+\answer[2]
+
+\task{Reach it.}
+The router answers for every address in the lab space, so your prefix is
+reachable exactly when your announcement got out:\quad
+\texttt{ping -6 2a0d:d741:\nhex::1}
+\reach
+
+% ==============================================================================
+\section{Steering Your Prefix with Large Communities}
+
+A Large Community is a tag added to a route. It can have any meaning that the network
+which issued it decides. In BGP large communities, the first part is the AS number
+and the subsequent two integers are up to the interpretation of that network.
+
+\begin{table}[h]
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{\hspace{1.6em}}l@{\hspace{1.6em}}l@{}}
+\toprule
+Large community & Read by & Effect \\
+\midrule
+\texttt{210036:0:0}     & \texttt{pr01.rue} & announce nowhere \ldots \\
+\texttt{210036:1:42476} & \texttt{pr01.rue} & \ldots except to AS42476, the SwissIX route servers \\
+\midrule
+\texttt{42476:0:0}      & SwissIX & send to no member \ldots \\
+\texttt{42476:1:559}    & SwissIX & \ldots except AS559, SWITCH, the network ETH is part of \\
+\bottomrule
+\end{tabular}
+\end{table}
+
+\task{One exchange only.}
+Announce your prefix again with \texttt{210036:0:0} and
+\texttt{210036:1:42476}; announcing a prefix you own replaces it. Before you
+look: who do you expect to still see it?
+\answer[2]
+\noindent Wait a moment, then check on \texttt{https://bgp.tools/super-lg} and with \texttt{ping}.
+\reach
+
+\task{To SWITCH only.}
+Add \texttt{42476:0:0} and \texttt{42476:1:559} to the two you already have and
+announce again. Our router now tells only the route servers, and they tell
+only SWITCH.
+\reach
+\noindent Is your prefix still visible on \texttt{https://bgp.tools/super-lg}? Explain what you see.
+\answer[2]
+
+\task{Use of large communities.}
+You steered routing in two networks you do not operate, using nothing but
+numbers attached to a route. What stops you from attaching a community that
+one of \emph{their} upstreams acts on?
+\answer[2]
+
+\task{Clean up.} Withdraw your prefix and see how long it takes to go away.
+
+\end{document}

docs/lab/prod/bird-ferrix.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# BIRD 2.x / 3.x: peer the production router (AS210036) with ferrix_bgp over
+# WireGuard. ferrix is announce-only: we accept the lab /48s from it and send
+# it nothing.
+#
+# Include from bird.conf:   include "/etc/bird/bird-ferrix.conf";
+# Check and apply:          birdc configure check && birdc configure
+# Inspect:                  birdc show protocols all ferrix
+#                           birdc show route protocol ferrix all
+
+define MY_ASN       = 210036;
+define FERRIX_ASN   = 4200000001;
+define LAB_PREFIXES = [ 2a0d:d741::/40{48,48} ];
+
+filter ferrix_import
+{
+    # Only the students' /48s, nothing shorter or longer, nothing else.
+    if !(net ~ LAB_PREFIXES) then reject;
+
+    # ferrix allows at most 16 prepends on top of its own ASN.
+    if bgp_path.len > 17 then reject;
+    if bgp_path.first != FERRIX_ASN then reject;
+
+    # Students type communities freely into a web form with no login, so
+    # only namespaces we have chosen to expose get through.
+    #
+    # Standard: just the two well-known ones BIRD itself honours, so
+    # NO_EXPORT / NO_ADVERTISE visibly work. Notably BLACKHOLE (65535:666),
+    # which SwissIX acts on, stays scrubbed.
+    bgp_community.filter([ (65535, 65281), (65535, 65282) ]);
+
+    # Large: the SwissIX route-server action communities, all of which live
+    # under their route-server ASN 42476
+    # (https://www.swissix.ch/resources/action-bgp-communities/):
+    #   42476:0:<peer-as>    do not redistribute to peer   42476:0:0  to nobody
+    #   42476:1:<peer-as>    redistribute to peer          42476:1:0  to all
+    #   42476:101|102|103:<peer-as or 0>   prepend 1x / 2x / 3x
+    #   42476:901|902:<peer-as>            add NO_EXPORT / NO_ADVERTISE
+    # Everything else is dropped, including the rest of our own
+    # (210036, *, *) space, so students cannot trigger anything else this
+    # network acts on. Add further namespaces here deliberately.
+    #
+    # And our own export-control communities, functions 0 to 3, evaluated by
+    # lab_export_allowed() below.
+    bgp_large_community.filter([ (42476, *, *), (MY_ASN, 0..3, *) ]);
+
+    bgp_ext_community.empty;
+
+    # Announce-only: there is nothing behind these prefixes. Do not forward
+    # their traffic into the tunnel; answer with "unreachable" instead.
+    dest = RTD_UNREACHABLE;
+
+    accept;
+}
+
+protocol bgp ferrix
+{
+    description "ferrix_bgp teaching lab (announce only)";
+    local 2a0d:d747:1::1 as 210036;
+    neighbor 2a0d:d747:1:: as FERRIX_ASN;
+    direct;
+
+    # ferrix dials us. Staying passive avoids log noise from failed attempts
+    # towards a laptop that is asleep or firewalled.
+    passive on;
+
+    # ferrix supports none of these; leave them off.
+    #   password "...";    (TCP MD5)
+    #   ttl security on;   (GTSM)
+    #   bfd on;
+
+    ipv6 {
+        import filter ferrix_import;
+        # 128 students, one /48 each. Extra routes are ignored, the session
+        # stays up.
+        import limit 130 action block;
+        # Send nothing: ferrix keeps received routes in memory and renders
+        # every one of them on its status page.
+        export none;
+    };
+}
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Export control for lab routes.
+#
+# BIRD export filters cannot see which neighbour they are exporting to, and
+# filters take no arguments; functions do. So every eBGP session states who it
+# talks to and where, by calling the shared export function with its neighbour
+# AS and a location:
+#
+#     ipv6 { export where peers_out(42476, AT_SWISSIX); ... };
+#
+# Students steer their prefix with large communities, in this precedence:
+#
+#   1. 210036:0:<as>        never announce to that neighbour AS
+#      210036:2:<location>  never announce at that location
+#   2. 210036:1:<as>        announce to that neighbour AS
+#      210036:3:<location>  announce at that location
+#   3. 210036:0:0           announce nowhere (unless rule 2 says otherwise)
+#   4. nothing              announce everywhere                  <- default
+#
+# A "never" always wins, so the two dimensions combine. The shape and
+# precedence match the SwissIX route-server communities on purpose, so one
+# idea is applied at two hops.
+#
+#   only the SwissIX route servers:   210036:0:0 210036:1:42476
+#   ...and there only SWITCH:         add 42476:0:0 42476:1:559
+#   every session at SwissIX:         210036:0:0 210036:3:1
+#   Cloudflare, but not at DE-CIX:    210036:0:0 210036:1:13335 210036:2:4
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+define AT_SWISSIX      =   1;
+define AT_NLIX         =   2;
+define AT_FRANCEIX     =   3;
+define AT_DECIX        =   4;
+define AT_FREEIX       =   5;
+define AT_COMMUNITYIX  =   6;
+define AT_TRANSIT      = 100;
+define AT_DOWNSTREAM   = 200;
+
+function lab_export_allowed(int peer_as; int location)
+{
+    if (MY_ASN, 0, peer_as) ~ bgp_large_community then return false;
+    if (MY_ASN, 2, location) ~ bgp_large_community then return false;
+    if (MY_ASN, 1, peer_as) ~ bgp_large_community then return true;
+    if (MY_ASN, 3, location) ~ bgp_large_community then return true;
+    if (MY_ASN, 0, 0) ~ bgp_large_community then return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+# Decides whether a lab route goes out on a session and, if so, makes it
+# presentable: the origin must appear as AS210036 (matching the route6
+# objects) and our action communities must not leak.
+function lab_route_out(int peer_as; int location)
+{
+    if !lab_export_allowed(peer_as, location) then return false;
+    bgp_path.delete([ 64512..65534, 4200000000..4294967294 ]);
+    bgp_large_community.delete([ (MY_ASN, 0..3, *) ]);
+    return true;
+}
+
+# The shared export function then ends its list of accepted routes with
+#
+#     if proto = "ferrix" then return lab_route_out(peer_as, location);
+#     return false;
+#
+# and returns true for everything else it accepts. Sessions that export
+# everything (downstream customers) need the same gate, or they receive lab
+# routes regardless of what the student asked for:
+#
+#     export filter {
+#         if proto = "ferrix" then {
+#             if lab_route_out(210400, AT_DOWNSTREAM) then accept;
+#             reject;
+#         }
+#         accept;
+#     };
+#
+# The ferrix branch only ever applies to routes learned from ferrix, so these
+# communities cannot be used by anyone else to steer other exports.
+#
+# If this BIRD rejects "int peer_as; int location", it wants a comma there.
+#
+# Check what a session would send, without waiting for a looking glass:
+#     birdc show route 2a0d:d741:1::/48 export <protocol-name> all
+#
+# The status page no longer offers AS-path prepending or the SwissIX prepend
+# communities (42476:101..103:*), to keep the exercise focused. The import
+# filter still admits the whole 42476 namespace, so a student who types one
+# by hand can use it; narrow the filter if that is not wanted.
+#
+# The session towards the SwissIX route servers must send large communities
+# unmodified apart from the delete above; check nothing else clears them.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

docs/lab/prod/ferrix.textpb

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+router_id: "10.255.0.2"          # must differ from the production router's
+local_asn: 4200000001            # private asn used for internal peering.
+
+listen_endpoints { address: "2a0d:d747:1::" port: 9179 }
+
+peers {
+    name: "pr01.rue.rayhaan.net"
+    endpoint { address: "2a0d:d747:1::1" port: 179 }
+    remote_asn: 210036
+    hold_time_seconds: 90
+}
+connect_retry_seconds: 5
+collision_detect_established_state: true
+
+local_route_policy {
+    allowed_prefixes: "2a0d:d741::/40"
+    max_routes_per_owner: 1
+}
+
+http_endpoint { address: "127.0.0.1" port: 8080 }

docs/lab/prod/on-router/05-lab-lo.network

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# /etc/systemd/network/05-lab-lo.network
+# If a .network file already matches "lo" (e.g. the AnyIP one), merge these
+# sections into it instead: networkd applies only the first match.
+[Match]
+Name=lo
+
+# BIRD and ferrix peer over ::1, which needs no configuration. Should BIRD
+# object to identical local and neighbour addresses, give them one each
+# instead (and use those in bird.conf and ferrix.textpb):
+#
+#   [Address]
+#   Address=fd00:179::1/128
+#
+#   [Address]
+#   Address=fd00:179::2/128
+
+# AnyIP: the router answers ping for every address in the lab space.
+[Route]
+Destination=2a0d:d741::/40
+Type=local

docs/lab/prod/on-router/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# Running ferrix_bgp on the production router
+
+ferrix and BIRD run side by side on pr01 and peer over `::1`. Students reach the status page through a reverse proxy that adds
+TLS and a password. Nothing here has been run on the router; treat each step
+as something to check.
+
+## 1. Build a static Linux binary (on the Mac)
+
+The `x86_64-unknown-linux-musl` target and Homebrew's musl cross-linker are
+enough; the router needs no Rust toolchain and no `protoc`.
+
+    CARGO_TARGET_X86_64_UNKNOWN_LINUX_MUSL_LINKER=x86_64-linux-musl-gcc \
+      cargo build --release -p bgp --target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
+
+    scp target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/bgp pr01:/tmp/ferrix-bgp
+
+Check the router really is x86-64 first (`uname -m`).
+
+## 2. Install on the router
+
+    install -m 0755 /tmp/ferrix-bgp /usr/local/bin/ferrix-bgp
+    install -d /etc/ferrix-bgp
+    install -m 0644 ferrix.textpb /etc/ferrix-bgp/ferrix.textpb
+    install -m 0644 ferrix-bgp.service /etc/systemd/system/ferrix-bgp.service
+
+## 3. Loopback
+
+Peering over `::1` needs no address setup. `05-lab-lo.network` only carries
+the AnyIP route for the lab space; merge it into the networkd file that
+matches `lo` if it is not there already, then `networkctl reload`.
+
+## 4. BIRD
+
+Replace the `protocol bgp ferrix` stanza with `bird-ferrix-local.conf`, then
+`birdc configure check` and `birdc configure timeout 300` / `confirm`.
+
+## 5. Start
+
+    systemctl daemon-reload
+    systemctl enable --now ferrix-bgp
+    journalctl -u ferrix-bgp -f
+    birdc show protocols all ferrix
+
+The journal should say `Ping monitor listening for ICMPv6 echo requests`. If
+it says the monitor is disabled, the unit is missing `CAP_NET_RAW`; everything
+else works without it and the status page says why the table is off.
+
+To check the monitor before the class, announce a prefix on the page, turn on
+auto-refresh and ping an address inside it from somewhere else:
+
+    ping -c 3 2a0d:d741:1::1
+
+The ping shows up under "Pings to announced addresses" with its source, the
+interface it arrived on and the hop limit it arrived with. Check that
+"arrived on" names the real ingress port (the exchange or transit interface)
+and not `lo`.
+
+## 6. Let students in
+
+The API has no authentication and announces into a real AS, so do not expose
+port 8080. Put a reverse proxy in front with TLS and a class password. The
+event stream is long-lived, so the proxy must not buffer it.
+
+Apache (tested against a local instance: 401 without the password, pages,
+API and POSTs through the proxy, and events arriving within 50 ms):
+
+    <VirtualHost *:80>
+        ServerName lab.example.net
+        Redirect permanent "/" "https://lab.example.net/"
+    </VirtualHost>
+
+    <VirtualHost *:443>
+        ServerName lab.example.net
+
+        SSLEngine on
+        SSLCertificateFile    /etc/letsencrypt/live/lab.example.net/fullchain.pem
+        SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/lab.example.net/privkey.pem
+
+        # Everything behind one class password.
+        <Location "/">
+            AuthType Basic
+            AuthName "BGP lab"
+            AuthUserFile /etc/apache2/ferrix.htpasswd
+            Require valid-user
+        </Location>
+
+        # Use Apache's built-in error messages in this vhost. Servers with the
+        # multi-language error documents enabled fetch them from /error/,
+        # which this vhost would proxy to ferrix; a 401 then comes back as
+        # ferrix's empty 404: a blank page and no password prompt. With the
+        # built-in ones nothing is fetched, so nothing needs exempting from
+        # the login.
+        ErrorDocument 400 default
+        ErrorDocument 401 default
+        ErrorDocument 403 default
+        ErrorDocument 404 default
+        ErrorDocument 500 default
+        ErrorDocument 502 default
+        ErrorDocument 503 default
+        ErrorDocument 504 default
+
+        ProxyPreserveHost On
+        ProxyPass        "/" "http://127.0.0.1:8080/"
+        ProxyPassReverse "/" "http://127.0.0.1:8080/"
+
+        # ferrix has no use for the password; do not pass it on.
+        RequestHeader unset Authorization
+
+        # The status page follows a long-lived event stream. If mod_deflate
+        # compresses it, events sit in the compressor and never arrive.
+        SetEnvIf Request_URI "^/api/events" no-gzip=1
+    </VirtualHost>
+
+Modules: `proxy proxy_http ssl headers setenvif auth_basic authn_file`.
+Create the password file with `htpasswd -c -B /etc/apache2/ferrix.htpasswd student`.
+To also limit it to known networks, replace `Require valid-user` with
+
+    <RequireAll>
+        Require valid-user
+        Require ip 192.0.2.0/24 2001:db8::/32
+    </RequireAll>
+
+Caddy:
+
+    lab.example.net {
+        basic_auth {
+            student <hash from `caddy hash-password`>
+        }
+        reverse_proxy 127.0.0.1:8080 {
+            flush_interval -1
+        }
+    }
+
+nginx, inside a TLS `server` block:
+
+    location / {
+        auth_basic "BGP lab";
+        auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/lab.htpasswd;
+        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
+        proxy_http_version 1.1;
+        proxy_buffering off;
+        proxy_read_timeout 1h;
+    }
+
+Restricting the proxy to the university's address ranges as well is cheap
+and worth doing. Only the Apache example has been tested.
+
+## 7. Load test before the class
+
+`tools/loadtest.py` makes N simulated students announce their /48 at the same
+instant, then verifies the table, ownership under load, the event stream and
+the number of BGP UPDATEs actually sent, and withdraws everything again.
+Python 3 standard library only.
+
+    tools/loadtest.py 128 --url https://lab.example.net --user student
+
+Every test route carries `210036:0:0`, so BIRD accepts it but exports it to no
+neighbour (apart from `home_v6`, which is outside the export control). While
+it runs, `birdc show route protocol ferrix count` should rise to the number of
+students and fall back to what it was. BIRD's `import limit 130` means more
+than 130 lab routes at once are blocked there, by design.
+
+## Things to know
+
+- The ping monitor only listens. The kernel answers the pings, with or
+  without ferrix running, because of the AnyIP route. It sees echo requests
+  to the lab space from anyone on the Internet, so source addresses of
+  strangers will appear on the page next to the students' own. It remembers
+  at most 2048 source and destination pairs and publishes at most 50 events a
+  second, so a ping flood costs little; `ping_monitor_echo_requests_total` and
+  `ping_monitor_events_suppressed_total` on `/metricz` show what it saw.
+
+- Announced routes live in memory. A restart of the service forgets them and
+  students have to announce again.
+- Stopping the service sends BIRD a Cease first, so restarts reconnect at
+  once.
+- ferrix's own safety net is `local_route_policy`; BIRD's import filter and
+  import limit are the second one. Keep both.

docs/lab/prod/on-router/bird-ferrix-local.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Replaces "protocol bgp ferrix" in bird.conf when ferrix runs on this host.
+# Only the addresses and "multihop" differ from the WireGuard version; the
+# import filter and everything about export control stay as they are.
+#
+# Without "multihop" BIRD looks for the neighbour on a directly connected
+# network, cannot find ::1 there, and disables the protocol with
+# "Error: Invalid next hop". After fixing that, `birdc enable ferrix` if a
+# reconfigure does not bring it back by itself.
+protocol bgp ferrix
+{
+    description "ferrix_bgp teaching lab (announce only, same host)";
+    local ::1 as 210036;
+    neighbor ::1 as FERRIX_ASN;
+    # Both ends are this machine, so there is no directly connected
+    # neighbour for "direct" (the eBGP default) to find.
+    multihop;
+    passive on;
+    ipv6 {
+        import filter ferrix_import;
+        import limit 130 action block;
+        export none;
+    };
+}

docs/lab/prod/on-router/ferrix-bgp.service

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+[Unit]
+Description=ferrix_bgp teaching BGP speaker
+After=network-online.target bird.service
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/ferrix-bgp /etc/ferrix-bgp/ferrix.textpb --level info
+# SIGTERM makes ferrix send Cease / Administrative Shutdown to BIRD first.
+KillSignal=SIGTERM
+TimeoutStopSec=10
+Restart=on-failure
+RestartSec=5
+
+# It needs the network and nothing else: no root, no privileged port, no
+# write access anywhere. The one capability, CAP_NET_RAW, is for the ping
+# monitor's raw ICMPv6 socket; drop both lines if ping_monitor is not
+# configured.
+DynamicUser=yes
+NoNewPrivileges=yes
+ProtectSystem=strict
+ProtectHome=yes
+PrivateTmp=yes
+PrivateDevices=yes
+ProtectKernelTunables=yes
+ProtectKernelModules=yes
+ProtectControlGroups=yes
+RestrictAddressFamilies=AF_INET AF_INET6 AF_UNIX
+RestrictNamespaces=yes
+LockPersonality=yes
+MemoryDenyWriteExecute=yes
+SystemCallArchitectures=native
+AmbientCapabilities=CAP_NET_RAW
+CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_NET_RAW
+MemoryMax=256M
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target

docs/lab/prod/on-router/ferrix.textpb

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# ferrix_bgp running on the production router itself, next to BIRD.
+router_id: "10.255.0.2"
+local_asn: 4200000001
+
+# Unused in practice (BIRD is passive and we dial it), but a listener is
+# required. 179 belongs to BIRD, so take another port on our own address.
+listen_endpoints { address: "::1" port: 9179 }
+
+peers {
+    name: "pr01-bird"
+    endpoint { address: "::1" port: 179 }
+    # BIRD recognises its neighbour by source address, so pin ours.
+    local_address: "::1"
+    remote_asn: 210036
+    hold_time_seconds: 90
+}
+connect_retry_seconds: 5
+collision_detect_established_state: true
+
+local_route_policy {
+    allowed_prefixes: "2a0d:d741::/40"
+    max_routes_per_owner: 1
+}
+
+# Loopback only. Students reach it through the reverse proxy, which adds TLS
+# and a password; the API itself has neither.
+http_endpoint { address: "127.0.0.1" port: 8080 }
+
+# Show who pings the lab addresses. The kernel answers the pings (AnyIP route
+# in 05-lab-lo.network); this only listens. Watches allowed_prefixes above.
+# Needs CAP_NET_RAW, which the systemd unit grants.
+ping_monitor {}

docs/lab/r1/daemons

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+bgpd=yes
+zebra=yes
+staticd=yes
+vtysh_enable=yes

docs/lab/r1/frr.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+! r1: AS65001. Peers with ferrix (AS65000) and r2 (AS65002).
+! Applies policy on routes from ferrix based on the communities students set:
+!   NO_EXPORT (65535:65281)   standard: not sent to r2 (FRR honours it)
+!   65001:100                 r1 prepends its own ASN three times
+!   BLACKHOLE (65535:666)     dropped at r1
+frr defaults traditional
+hostname r1
+log stdout
+!
+ip route 192.0.2.0/24 Null0
+!
+bgp community-list standard PREPEND-ME permit 65001:100
+bgp community-list standard BLACKHOLE permit 65535:666
+!
+route-map FROM-FERRIX deny 10
+ match community BLACKHOLE
+!
+route-map FROM-FERRIX permit 20
+ match community PREPEND-ME
+ set as-path prepend 65001 65001 65001
+!
+route-map FROM-FERRIX permit 30
+!
+route-map PERMIT-ALL permit 10
+!
+router bgp 65001
+ bgp router-id 10.200.0.2
+ no bgp ebgp-requires-policy
+ no bgp network import-check
+ neighbor 10.200.0.1 remote-as 65000
+ neighbor 10.200.0.1 description ferrix
+ neighbor 10.200.0.1 timers 10 30
+ neighbor 10.200.0.3 remote-as 65002
+ neighbor 10.200.0.3 description r2
+ neighbor 10.200.0.3 timers 10 30
+ !
+ address-family ipv4 unicast
+  network 192.0.2.0/24
+  neighbor 10.200.0.1 route-map FROM-FERRIX in
+  neighbor 10.200.0.1 route-map PERMIT-ALL out
+  neighbor 10.200.0.3 route-map PERMIT-ALL in
+  neighbor 10.200.0.3 route-map PERMIT-ALL out
+ exit-address-family
+!

docs/lab/r1/vtysh.conf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+service integrated-vtysh-config

docs/lab/r2/daemons

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+bgpd=yes
+zebra=yes
+staticd=yes
+vtysh_enable=yes

docs/lab/r2/frr.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+! r2: AS65002. Peers with r1 (AS65001) and ferrix (AS65000).
+! Accepts nothing directly from ferrix so every student prefix reaches it
+! only via r1, then re-advertises everything to ferrix. That closes the loop:
+! ferrix sees its own prefixes come back with AS path 65002 65001 65000.
+frr defaults traditional
+hostname r2
+log stdout
+!
+ip route 198.51.100.0/24 Null0
+!
+route-map PERMIT-ALL permit 10
+!
+route-map DENY-ALL deny 10
+!
+router bgp 65002
+ bgp router-id 10.200.0.3
+ no bgp ebgp-requires-policy
+ no bgp network import-check
+ neighbor 10.200.0.2 remote-as 65001
+ neighbor 10.200.0.2 description r1
+ neighbor 10.200.0.2 timers 10 30
+ neighbor 10.200.0.1 remote-as 65000
+ neighbor 10.200.0.1 description ferrix
+ neighbor 10.200.0.1 timers 10 30
+ !
+ address-family ipv4 unicast
+  network 198.51.100.0/24
+  neighbor 10.200.0.2 route-map PERMIT-ALL in
+  neighbor 10.200.0.2 route-map PERMIT-ALL out
+  neighbor 10.200.0.1 route-map DENY-ALL in
+  neighbor 10.200.0.1 route-map PERMIT-ALL out
+ exit-address-family
+!

docs/lab/r2/vtysh.conf

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+service integrated-vtysh-config

docs/lab/ripe/lab-objects.rpsl

@@ -0,0 +1,779 @@
+inet6num:       2a0d:d741::/40
+netname:        CH-RAY-ETHZ-NETSEC-LAB-2026
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP hands-on lab, one /48 per student
+country:        CH
+org:            ORG-RAJ2-RIPE
+admin-c:        RJ4890-RIPE
+tech-c:         RJ4890-RIPE
+status:         AGGREGATED-BY-LIR
+assignment-size: 48
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:1::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 1
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:2::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 2
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:3::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 3
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:4::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 4
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:5::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 5
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:6::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 6
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:7::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 7
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:8::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 8
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:9::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 9
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:a::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 10
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:b::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 11
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:c::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 12
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:d::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 13
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:e::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 14
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:f::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 15
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:10::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 16
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:11::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 17
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:12::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 18
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 19
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 20
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 21
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 22
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 23
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+source:         RIPE
+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 24
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 25
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 42
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
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+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 43
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+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 44
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
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+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 45
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+
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+origin:         AS210036
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+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 47
+origin:         AS210036
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+origin:         AS210036
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+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 49
+origin:         AS210036
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+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 50
+origin:         AS210036
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+
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+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 52
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+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 53
+origin:         AS210036
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+
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+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 54
+origin:         AS210036
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:3c::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 60
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:3d::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 61
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:3e::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 62
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:3f::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 63
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:40::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 64
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:41::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 65
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:42::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 66
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:43::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 67
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:44::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 68
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:45::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 69
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:46::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 70
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:47::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 71
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:48::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 72
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:49::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 73
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:4a::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 74
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:4b::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 75
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:4c::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 76
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:4d::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 77
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:4e::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 78
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:4f::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 79
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:50::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 80
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:51::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 81
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:52::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 82
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:53::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 83
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:54::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 84
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:55::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 85
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:56::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 86
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:57::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 87
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:58::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 88
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:59::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 89
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:5a::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 90
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:5b::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 91
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:5c::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 92
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:5d::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 93
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:5e::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 94
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:5f::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 95
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:60::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 96
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:61::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 97
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:62::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 98
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:63::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 99
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:64::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 100
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:65::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 101
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:66::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 102
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:67::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 103
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:68::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 104
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:69::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 105
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:6a::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 106
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:6b::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 107
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:6c::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 108
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:6d::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 109
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:6e::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 110
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:6f::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 111
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:70::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 112
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:71::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 113
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:72::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 114
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:73::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 115
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:74::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 116
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:75::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 117
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:76::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 118
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:77::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 119
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:78::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 120
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:79::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 121
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:7a::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 122
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:7b::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 123
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:7c::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 124
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:7d::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 125
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:7e::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 126
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:7f::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 127
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE
+
+route6:         2a0d:d741:80::/48
+descr:          ETHZ Netsec 2026 BGP lab - student 128
+origin:         AS210036
+mnt-by:         mnt-ch-ray-1
+source:         RIPE

slides/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# Slides
+
+A reveal.js deck structured like Matt Godbolt's newer talks
+([what-happens-beneath-accu-2026](https://github.com/mattgodbolt/what-happens-beneath-accu-2026)):
+no stock theme but a custom dark one, every slide on a rounded panel, IBM Plex
+Sans and Mono, monokai code with glowing stepped lines, 16:9 with fade
+transitions, and the content in one Markdown file per section.
+
+What is ours: the palette, and the corner motif. His ring-and-thread became a
+chain of nodes and links, an AS path.
+
+## The talk
+
+| Section | File |
+|---|---|
+| About the speaker | `sections/00-intro.md` |
+| Internet numbering resources: addresses, prefixes, registries, AS numbers | `sections/01-resources.md` |
+| BGP and the bytes of an UPDATE | `sections/03-bgp-update.md` |
+| IP transit and Internet exchanges | `sections/04-transit-and-ix.md` |
+| The lab: the lab speaker, pr01.rue and its exchanges | `sections/05-lab.md` |
+
+The UPDATE in section 3 is `2a0d:d740::/48` as AS210036 announces it to the
+SwissIX route servers: next hop `2001:7f8:24::c9` (pr01's port on the peering
+LAN), MED 0 and the `210036:10:2` tag, which is what pr01's export filter puts
+on routes to peers. It was produced with the lab daemon's own encoder and parsed back
+to the same message, not captured off the wire; a capture from pr01 may differ
+in detail (BIRD can append a link-local next hop). The byte slides step through
+it one part at a time (press down), and every number on them was checked
+against the bytes when the slides were generated. To change the example,
+regenerate rather than edit the hex by hand.
+
+The deck deliberately has no fragments or stepped code: a slide shows
+everything at once. Two code blocks keep a static highlight on one line.
+
+| File | Holds |
+|---|---|
+| `theme.css` | the look: palette, type, panels, motif, title slide |
+| `style.css` | components used by slides: columns, boxes, bytes, notes |
+| `index.html` | section list, reveal.js loader and options, `bird` highlighter |
+| `sections/*.md` | the slides |
+
+## Make it yours
+
+Everything brand-like is a variable at the top of `theme.css`. To compare
+accents without editing, open `?accent=green`, `?accent=amber` or
+`?accent=magenta` (blue is the default); copy the one you like into `:root`.
+The wordmark bottom-left is the `<div class="wordmark">` in `index.html`.
+For a full-bleed title image, empty the title `<section>` and give it
+`data-background="images/title.png"`.
+
+## Show it
+
+The sections are loaded over HTTP, so open the deck through a server, not by
+double-clicking `index.html`. Opened from disk, browsers block reveal.js and
+the section files, and you would see a title and empty panels; the page now
+says so instead:
+
+    python3 slides/serve.py 8000
+
+(`python3 -m http.server` works too, but it lets the browser cache the
+section files and the stylesheet, so edits may not show until a hard reload,
+Cmd+Shift+R. `serve.py` is the same server with caching turned off.)
+
+Then <http://localhost:8000>. Keys: arrows to move, `S` speaker view with
+notes and a timer, `O` overview, `F` fullscreen, `B` blank the screen.
+
+## Offline
+
+    slides/vendor-reveal.sh
+
+copies reveal.js into `slides/reveal.js/` (ignored by git). The deck uses that
+copy when present and the CDN otherwise. Do this before presenting anywhere
+with uncertain Wi-Fi. IBM Plex still comes from Google Fonts; without a
+network the deck falls back to Helvetica/Arial and the system monospace, so
+install IBM Plex on the presenting machine if that matters.
+
+## Write slides
+
+Edit the files in `sections/`; add a section by adding a file and a
+`<section data-markdown=...>` line in `index.html`.
+
+    -----        next slide
+    ---          next vertical slide (detail you can skip)
+    Notes:       speaker notes from here to the end of the slide
+
+Apply a class to the element above with `<!-- .element: class="..." -->`.
+
+| Class | Effect |
+|---|---|
+| `big` | one large statement on the slide |
+| `note` | quiet italic aside |
+| `attribution` | small credit under an image or quote |
+| `borders` | table with visible borders |
+| `r-stretch` | image or iframe fills the remaining height |
+| `blur-edges` | soft edge for photos |
+
+Blocks: `<div class="cols">` two columns, `<div class="boxes">` labelled cards
+(`us`, `ok`, `bad`), `<pre class="bytes">` BGP bytes in the colours of the lab
+page (add `focus`, and `on` to the spans to keep lit, to dim the rest),
+`<table class="decode">` for the explanation under them,
+`<svg class="diagram">` for diagrams drawn in the theme's colours (`hot`,
+`fabric`, `link`, `bgp`, `traffic`). Code fences take a language and optional line steps, e.g.
+` ```bird [1-3|5-9] `; `bird` is a small highlighter defined in `index.html`.
+
+`<!-- .slide: class="bare" -->` drops the panel, the motif and the wordmark
+for one slide, e.g. a full-bleed image. The title slide does so by itself.
+
+## Publish as one file
+
+    slides/vendor-reveal.sh      # once, if slides/reveal.js is missing
+    python3 slides/build.py      # writes slides/dist/hands-on-bgp.html
+
+`build.py` inlines everything the page would otherwise fetch: reveal.js and
+its plugins, the stylesheets, the favicon, our scripts and the Markdown
+sections. The one file (about 1.3 MB) can be uploaded anywhere and also
+opens straight from disk. It still uses the network for two things: the IBM
+Plex fonts from Google Fonts (without them the browser's fallback fonts are
+used) and the live DNS and RIPE lookups in section 1. Speaker view (`S`)
+works from the bundle too. `slides/dist/` is not committed; rebuild after
+editing.
+
+## PDF
+
+Open <http://localhost:8000/?print-pdf> in Chrome and print to PDF with
+background graphics on.

slides/build.py

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Bundle the deck into one self-contained HTML file for uploading.
+
+    python3 slides/build.py              # writes slides/dist/hands-on-bgp.html
+
+Everything the page fetches at runtime is inlined: reveal.js and its plugins
+(from the vendored copy, so run vendor-reveal.sh first), the stylesheets, the
+favicon, our scripts and the Markdown sections. The result opens from any web
+server and from disk. Two things still need a network: the IBM Plex fonts
+(Google Fonts) and the live DNS and RIPE lookups.
+"""
+import base64
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+HERE = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+REVEAL = os.path.join(HERE, "reveal.js", "dist")
+OUT = os.path.join(HERE, "dist", "hands-on-bgp.html")
+
+
+def read(*parts):
+    with open(os.path.join(HERE, *parts), encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        return f.read()
+
+
+def main():
+    if not os.path.isdir(REVEAL):
+        sys.exit("reveal.js is not vendored; run slides/vendor-reveal.sh first")
+    html = read("index.html")
+
+    # Stylesheets: reveal's first, then ours, as the loader orders them.
+    css = "\n".join(read("reveal.js", "dist", p) for p in ["reset.css", "reveal.css", "plugin/highlight/monokai.css"])
+    css += "\n" + read("theme.css") + "\n" + read("style.css")
+    html = re.sub(r'\s*<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme\.css[^"]*" id="deck-style" />', "", html)
+    html = re.sub(r'\s*<link rel="stylesheet" href="style\.css[^"]*" />', f"\n        <style>\n{css}\n        </style>", html, count=1)
+
+    icon = "data:image/svg+xml;base64," + base64.b64encode(read("images", "favicon.svg").encode()).decode()
+    html = html.replace('href="images/favicon.svg"', f'href="{icon}"')
+
+    # Sections: the Markdown goes inline in a text/template script.
+    def inline_section(m):
+        attrs, path = m.group(1), m.group(2)
+        text = read(path)
+        if "</script" in text.lower():
+            sys.exit(f"{path} contains '</script', which cannot be inlined")
+        return f'<section data-markdown{attrs}>\n<script type="text/template">\n{text}\n</script>\n</section>'
+    html, n = re.subn(r'<section\s+data-markdown="([^"]+)"((?:\s+data-[a-z-]+="[^"]*")*)\s*></section>',
+                      lambda m: inline_section(type("M", (), {"group": lambda self, i: (None, m.group(2), m.group(1))[i]})()), html)
+    if n == 0:
+        sys.exit("no data-markdown sections found in index.html")
+
+    # Our scripts.
+    for name in ["dns-lookup.js", "prefix-explorer.js"]:
+        html, k = re.subn(rf'<script src="{re.escape(name)}[^"]*"></script>', lambda m: f"<script>\n{read(name)}\n</script>", html)
+        if k != 1:
+            sys.exit(f"expected one <script src=\"{name}\"> tag")
+
+    # The help overlay and its watchdog exist to explain a page that could
+    # not fetch its parts; this one fetches nothing.
+    html = re.sub(r'\s*<div id="deck-help" hidden>.*?</div>', "", html, count=1, flags=re.S)
+    html = re.sub(r'\s*<!-- A classic script: it still runs.*?</script>', "", html, count=1, flags=re.S)
+
+    # The loader: the module script that picks a reveal.js location and
+    # imports it becomes reveal.js itself, its plugins, and the deck setup.
+    m = re.search(r'<script type="module">(.*?)</script>', html, flags=re.S)
+    if not m:
+        sys.exit("loader script not found")
+    loader = m.group(1)
+    setup_start = loader.index("// BIRD configuration")
+    setup = loader[setup_start:]
+    setup = setup.replace("await deck.initialize().catch(fail(\"reveal.js failed to start\"));", "deck.initialize().then(() => {")
+    setup = setup.replace("plugins: [Markdown, Highlight, Notes],", "plugins: [RevealMarkdown, RevealHighlight, RevealNotes],")
+    setup = setup.rstrip() + "\n            });\n"
+    libs = "\n".join(read("reveal.js", "dist", p) for p in ["reveal.js", "plugin/markdown.js", "plugin/highlight.js", "plugin/notes.js"])
+    html = html[: m.start()] + f"<script>\n{libs}\n</script>\n        <script>\n{setup}        </script>" + html[m.end():]
+    if "await " in setup or "import(" in setup:
+        sys.exit("loader still contains module-only code")
+
+    html = html.replace("reveal.js is loaded from ./reveal.js/dist if present", "Built by build.py from index.html: everything is inlined. reveal.js was loaded from ./reveal.js/dist if present")
+
+    os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(OUT), exist_ok=True)
+    with open(OUT, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        f.write(html)
+    print(f"wrote {os.path.relpath(OUT)} ({os.path.getsize(OUT) // 1024} KB, {n} sections)")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

slides/dns-lookup.js

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// Live lookups on slides.
+//
+//   <form class="dns-lookup">  with <input name="domain"> and a .dns-result:
+//     asks Google Public DNS over HTTPS for the name's AAAA records
+//     (https://developers.google.com/speed/public-dns/docs/doh/json) and
+//     prints the answer the way dig would.
+//   <form class="ripe-lookup"> with <input name="query"> and a .dns-result:
+//     asks the RIPE database (https://apps.db.ripe.net/docs/) what it knows
+//     about an address, prefix or AS number, and prints the objects the way
+//     whois would.
+(function () {
+  const TYPES = { 1: "A", 5: "CNAME", 28: "AAAA" };
+  const esc = (s) => String(s).replace(/[&<>"]/g, (c) => ({ "&": "&amp;", "<": "&lt;", ">": "&gt;", '"': "&quot;" })[c]);
+
+  async function resolve(name, type) {
+    const r = await fetch(`https://dns.google/resolve?name=${encodeURIComponent(name)}&type=${type}`, {
+      headers: { accept: "application/dns-json" },
+    });
+    if (!r.ok) throw new Error(`dns.google answered HTTP ${r.status}`);
+    return r.json();
+  }
+
+  const line = (rr) =>
+    `<span class="name">${esc(rr.name)}</span> <span class="ttl">${rr.TTL}</span> IN <span class="type">${esc(TYPES[rr.type] || rr.type)}</span> <span class="${rr.type === 28 ? "addr" : "data"}">${esc(rr.data)}</span>`;
+
+  async function lookup(form) {
+    const out = form.querySelector(".dns-result");
+    const name = form.elements.domain.value.trim().replace(/\.$/, "");
+    if (!name) return;
+    out.innerHTML = `<span class="dim">asking dns.google for ${esc(name)} AAAA ...</span>`;
+    try {
+      const v6 = await resolve(name, "AAAA");
+      if (v6.Status === 3) {
+        out.innerHTML = `<span class="bad">NXDOMAIN</span> <span class="dim">there is no such name</span>`;
+        return;
+      }
+      if (v6.Status !== 0) {
+        out.innerHTML = `<span class="bad">the resolver answered with status ${v6.Status}</span>`;
+        return;
+      }
+      const answers = v6.Answer || [];
+      const lines = answers.map(line);
+      if (!answers.some((rr) => rr.type === 28)) {
+        // No IPv6 address. Show that this is a real answer, not a failure,
+        // and what the name does have.
+        const v4 = await resolve(name, "A");
+        lines.push(`<span class="dim">no AAAA record: this name has no IPv6 address</span>`);
+        (v4.Answer || []).filter((rr) => rr.type === 1).forEach((rr) => lines.push(line(rr)));
+      }
+      out.innerHTML = lines.join("\n");
+    } catch (e) {
+      out.innerHTML = `<span class="bad">lookup failed:</span> ${esc(e.message)} <span class="dim">(is there a network?)</span>`;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ---- RIPE database ----------------------------------------------------
+
+  // Objects as apps.db.ripe.net shows them: one card per object, one row per
+  // attribute, references in blue, rows the RIPE NCC manages shaded. The
+  // API does not say which rows those are, so they are the ones the website
+  // shades for an assignment: the key, org, status, source, sponsoring-org
+  // and the RIPE NCC's own maintainers.
+  const RIPE_MANAGED = new Set(["inetnum", "inet6num", "aut-num", "org", "status", "source", "sponsoring-org"]);
+  const managed = (a) => RIPE_MANAGED.has(a.name) || (a.name === "mnt-by" && /^RIPE-NCC-/.test(a.value));
+
+  async function ripe(form) {
+    const out = form.querySelector(".ripe-result");
+    const query = form.elements.query.value.trim();
+    if (!query) return;
+    out.innerHTML = `<div class="ripe-msg">Searching the RIPE database for ${esc(query)} ...</div>`;
+    try {
+      const url = `https://rest.db.ripe.net/search.json?query-string=${encodeURIComponent(query)}&flags=no-referenced&flags=no-irt&source=ripe`;
+      const r = await fetch(url, { headers: { accept: "application/json" } });
+      if (r.status === 404) {
+        out.innerHTML = `<div class="ripe-msg">No results found for ${esc(query)}.</div>`;
+        return;
+      }
+      if (!r.ok) throw new Error(`rest.db.ripe.net answered HTTP ${r.status}`);
+      const objects = ((await r.json()).objects || {}).object || [];
+      out.innerHTML = objects
+        .map((o) => {
+          const rows = o.attributes.attribute.map((a) => {
+            const value = a.link || a.name === o.type ? `<span class="ref">${esc(a.value)}</span>` : esc(a.value);
+            return `<tr class="${managed(a) ? "managed" : ""}"><th>${esc(a.name)}:</th><td>${value}${a.comment ? `<span class="comment"># ${esc(a.comment)}</span>` : ""}</td></tr>`;
+          });
+          return `<div class="ripe-card"><table>${rows.join("")}</table></div>`;
+        })
+        .join("");
+      out.scrollTop = 0;
+    } catch (e) {
+      out.innerHTML = `<div class="ripe-msg">Lookup failed: ${esc(e.message)}. Is there a network?</div>`;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The answer changes the slide's height; have reveal centre it again.
+  const relayout = () => window.deck && window.deck.layout();
+
+  document.addEventListener("submit", async (e) => {
+    const form = e.target.closest && e.target.closest("form.dns-lookup, form.ripe-lookup");
+    if (!form) return;
+    e.preventDefault();
+    await (form.classList.contains("ripe-lookup") ? ripe(form) : lookup(form));
+    relayout();
+  });
+})();
+
+// Byte walks: hovering (or tabbing to) a field row lights its bytes in the
+// dump above it, and hovering bytes in the dump lights their row and scrolls
+// it into view, so the dump can be used as the index while presenting.
+(function () {
+  const pair = (el) => {
+    const walk = el.closest(".bytewalk");
+    if (!walk) return [];
+    const i = el.dataset.i;
+    return [walk.querySelector(`.bw-dump span[data-i="${i}"]`), walk.querySelector(`.bw-row[data-i="${i}"]`)].filter(Boolean);
+  };
+  const target = (e) => e.target.closest && e.target.closest(".bw-row, .bw-dump span[data-i]");
+  const on = (e) => {
+    const el = target(e);
+    if (!el) return;
+    const both = pair(el);
+    both.forEach((x) => x.classList.add("on"));
+    if (el.matches(".bw-dump span")) {
+      // Scroll the box itself, and instantly: scrollIntoView would also
+      // move the slide, and Chrome drops smooth scrolls inside the
+      // transformed slide that reveal positions.
+      const row = both.find((x) => x.classList.contains("bw-row"));
+      const box = row && row.closest(".bw-rows");
+      if (box) box.scrollTop = row.offsetTop - box.clientHeight / 2 + row.offsetHeight / 2;
+    }
+  };
+  const off = (e) => {
+    const el = target(e);
+    if (el) pair(el).forEach((x) => x.classList.remove("on"));
+  };
+  document.addEventListener("mouseover", on);
+  document.addEventListener("focusin", on);
+  document.addEventListener("mouseout", off);
+  document.addEventListener("focusout", off);
+})();

slides/images/favicon.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
+  <rect width="32" height="32" rx="6" fill="#11131f"/>
+  <g fill="none" stroke="#5eb1ff" stroke-width="3">
+    <line x1="9" y1="16" x2="23" y2="16"/>
+    <circle cx="7" cy="16" r="4" fill="#5eb1ff"/>
+    <circle cx="25" cy="16" r="4" fill="#11131f"/>
+  </g>
+</svg>

slides/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en">
+    <head>
+        <meta charset="utf-8" />
+        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+        <title>Hands-on BGP</title>
+        <!--
+      Deck structure and look follow Matt Godbolt's newer talks (e.g.
+      github.com/mattgodbolt/what-happens-beneath-accu-2026): reveal.js with
+      no stock theme, a custom dark theme (theme.css), monokai code blocks,
+      16:9, fade transitions, and one Markdown file per section.
+
+      reveal.js is loaded from ./reveal.js/dist if present (run
+      ./vendor-reveal.sh once; works offline), otherwise from the CDN. Its
+      stylesheets are inserted BEFORE ours by the loader below, so theme.css
+      and style.css always have the last word.
+    -->
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="theme.css?v=3" id="deck-style" />
+        <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css?v=18" />
+        <link rel="icon" href="images/favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml" />
+        <link rel="shortcut icon" href="images/favicon.svg" />
+    </head>
+    <body>
+        <div class="reveal">
+            <div class="slides">
+                <!-- Title slide. For a full-bleed image instead, empty it and add
+             data-background="images/title.png" like Matt does. -->
+                <section class="title-slide">
+                    <h1>Hands-on BGP</h1>
+                    <h3>Insights into real world operations</h3>
+                    <p class="byline">
+                        Rayhaan Jaufeerally (rayhaan@rayhaan.ch) &middot;
+                        Network Security &middot; ETH Z&uuml;rich, 2026
+                    </p>
+                </section>
+
+                <!--
+          One Markdown file per section. Inside a file:
+            -----      next horizontal slide
+            ---        next vertical slide (goes down, for detail you may skip)
+            Notes:     everything after this is speaker notes (press S)
+        -->
+                <section
+                    data-markdown="sections/00-intro.md"
+                    data-separator="^-----"
+                    data-separator-vertical="^---"
+                    data-separator-notes="^Notes:"
+                ></section>
+                <section
+                    data-markdown="sections/01-resources.md"
+                    data-separator="^-----"
+                    data-separator-vertical="^---"
+                    data-separator-notes="^Notes:"
+                ></section>
+                <section
+                    data-markdown="sections/03-bgp-update.md"
+                    data-separator="^-----"
+                    data-separator-vertical="^---"
+                    data-separator-notes="^Notes:"
+                ></section>
+                <section
+                    data-markdown="sections/04-transit-and-ix.md"
+                    data-separator="^-----"
+                    data-separator-vertical="^---"
+                    data-separator-notes="^Notes:"
+                ></section>
+                <section
+                    data-markdown="sections/05-lab.md"
+                    data-separator="^-----"
+                    data-separator-vertical="^---"
+                    data-separator-notes="^Notes:"
+                ></section>
+            </div>
+        </div>
+        <!-- Sits where Matt's decks carry the employer logo. -->
+        <div class="wordmark"><b>AS210036</b> &middot; netsec 2026</div>
+
+        <div id="deck-help" hidden>
+            <h2>The slides did not load</h2>
+            <p id="deck-help-why"></p>
+            <pre>python3 -m http.server 8000 --directory slides</pre>
+            <p>
+                then open <code>http://localhost:8000</code>. Details in
+                <code>slides/README.md</code>.
+            </p>
+        </div>
+        <!-- A classic script: it still runs when the browser refuses to run the
+         module below, which is exactly the case it has to explain. -->
+        <script>
+            (function () {
+                function help(why) {
+                    document.getElementById("deck-help-why").textContent = why;
+                    document.getElementById("deck-help").hidden = false;
+                }
+                if (location.protocol === "file:") {
+                    help(
+                        "This page was opened straight from disk. Browsers block a page opened that way from loading reveal.js and the section files, so serve the folder over HTTP:",
+                    );
+                    return;
+                }
+                window.addEventListener("deck-failed", function (e) {
+                    help(
+                        e.detail +
+                            " Serve the folder over HTTP, and run slides/vendor-reveal.sh if there is no network:",
+                    );
+                });
+                setTimeout(function () {
+                    if (!window.deck)
+                        help(
+                            "reveal.js has not started after 10 seconds. Without a network it needs the local copy from slides/vendor-reveal.sh. Serve the folder like this:",
+                        );
+                }, 10000);
+            })();
+        </script>
+
+        <script src="dns-lookup.js?v=7"></script>
+        <script src="prefix-explorer.js?v=4"></script>
+
+        <script type="module">
+            const VERSION = "6.0.2";
+            const LOCAL = "./reveal.js/dist";
+            const CDN = `https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/reveal.js@${VERSION}/dist`;
+
+            // Prefer the vendored copy so the deck works without a network.
+            async function pickBase() {
+                try {
+                    const r = await fetch(`${LOCAL}/reveal.css`, {
+                        method: "HEAD",
+                    });
+                    if (r.ok) return LOCAL;
+                } catch (_) {}
+                return CDN;
+            }
+            const base = await pickBase();
+            const fail = (what) => (e) => {
+                window.dispatchEvent(
+                    new CustomEvent("deck-failed", {
+                        detail: `${what} (${e && e.message ? e.message : e}).`,
+                    }),
+                );
+                throw e;
+            };
+
+            const deckStyle = document.getElementById("deck-style");
+            await Promise.all(
+                ["reset.css", "reveal.css", "plugin/highlight/monokai.css"].map(
+                    (href) =>
+                        new Promise((resolve) => {
+                            const link = document.createElement("link");
+                            link.rel = "stylesheet";
+                            link.href = `${base}/${href}`;
+                            link.onload = link.onerror = resolve;
+                            deckStyle.before(link);
+                        }),
+                ),
+            );
+
+            const [
+                { default: Reveal },
+                { default: Markdown },
+                { default: Highlight },
+                { default: Notes },
+            ] = await Promise.all(
+                [
+                    "reveal.mjs",
+                    "plugin/markdown.mjs",
+                    "plugin/highlight.mjs",
+                    "plugin/notes.mjs",
+                ].map((m) => import(/* @vite-ignore */ `${base}/${m}`)),
+            ).catch(fail(`Could not load reveal.js from ${base}`));
+
+            // BIRD configuration, so router config on slides is highlighted. Same
+            // trick Matt uses for the assembly dialects in his talks.
+            function bird() {
+                return {
+                    name: "bird",
+                    keywords: {
+                        keyword:
+                            "protocol template filter function define table if then else case return accept reject " +
+                            "import export where none all limit action block neighbor local as direct multihop passive " +
+                            "description ipv4 ipv6 bgp kernel device static pipe include router id",
+                        built_in:
+                            "net proto source dest bgp_path bgp_community bgp_large_community bgp_ext_community " +
+                            "bgp_med bgp_local_pref bgp_next_hop",
+                        literal: "true false on off RTD_UNREACHABLE RTS_BGP",
+                    },
+                    contains: [
+                        { className: "comment", begin: "#", end: "$" },
+                        { className: "string", begin: '"', end: '"' },
+                        {
+                            className: "number",
+                            begin: "\\b[0-9a-fA-F:]*::?[0-9a-fA-F:]*(/[0-9]+)?(\\{[0-9]+,[0-9]+\\})?\\b",
+                        },
+                        {
+                            className: "number",
+                            begin: "\\b[0-9]+(\\.[0-9]+){3}(/[0-9]+)?\\b",
+                        },
+                        { className: "number", begin: "\\b[0-9]+\\b" },
+                    ],
+                };
+            }
+
+            // ?accent=green|amber|magenta previews another accent; blue is the default.
+            const accent = new URLSearchParams(location.search).get("accent");
+            if (accent) document.documentElement.dataset.accent = accent;
+
+            // 16:9. Nudge scaleFactor to fit the projector, as Matt does.
+            const scaleFactor = 0.65;
+            const deck = new Reveal({
+                hash: true,
+                transition: "fade",
+                slideNumber: false,
+                margin: 0.15,
+                width: 1920 * scaleFactor,
+                height: 1080 * scaleFactor,
+                markdown: { smartypants: true },
+                highlight: {
+                    beforeHighlight: (hljs) =>
+                        hljs.registerLanguage("bird", bird),
+                },
+                plugins: [Markdown, Highlight, Notes],
+            });
+
+            await deck.initialize().catch(fail("reveal.js failed to start"));
+            window.deck = deck; // handy in the console: deck.slide(3), deck.getTotalSlides()
+            // The slides exist now: scripts that fill live boxes wait for this.
+            window.dispatchEvent(new Event("deck-ready"));
+        </script>
+    </body>
+</html>

slides/prefix-explorer.js

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// A live prefix calculator on a slide. Any <form class="prefix-explorer">
+// with <input name="prefix"> and <input type="range" name="len"> gets its
+// .px-bits, .px-range and .px-facts filled in as the reader types.
+(function () {
+  const ALL = (1n << 128n) - 1n;
+  const esc = (s) => String(s).replace(/[&<>"]/g, (c) => ({ "&": "&amp;", "<": "&lt;", ">": "&gt;", '"': "&quot;" })[c]);
+
+  // "2001:db8::1" -> BigInt, or null.
+  function parse(text) {
+    const s = text.trim().toLowerCase();
+    if (!/^[0-9a-f:]+$/.test(s) || s.split("::").length > 2) return null;
+    const [left, right = ""] = s.split("::");
+    const l = left ? left.split(":") : [], r = right ? right.split(":") : [];
+    if (s.includes("::") ? l.length + r.length > 7 : l.length !== 8) return null;
+    const groups = [...l, ...Array(8 - l.length - r.length).fill("0"), ...r];
+    let v = 0n;
+    for (const g of groups) {
+      if (!/^[0-9a-f]{1,4}$/.test(g)) return null;
+      v = (v << 16n) | BigInt(parseInt(g, 16));
+    }
+    return v;
+  }
+
+  function groupsOf(v) {
+    const g = [];
+    for (let i = 7; i >= 0; i--) g.push(Number((v >> BigInt(i * 16)) & 0xffffn));
+    return g;
+  }
+
+  // Shortest form, RFC 5952 style.
+  function format(v) {
+    const g = groupsOf(v).map((x) => x.toString(16));
+    let best = -1, bestLen = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+      let n = 0;
+      while (i + n < 8 && g[i + n] === "0") n++;
+      if (n > bestLen && n > 1) { best = i; bestLen = n; }
+    }
+    if (best < 0) return g.join(":");
+    return g.slice(0, best).join(":") + "::" + g.slice(best + bestLen).join(":");
+  }
+
+  const sup = (k) => String(k).replace(/\d/g, (d) => "⁰¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹"[d]);
+  // 2^k as a number people can read: exact up to 2^50, else a power.
+  const pow2 = (k) => (k <= 50 ? Number(1n << BigInt(k)).toLocaleString("en") : `2${sup(k)}`);
+
+  function render(form) {
+    const input = form.elements.prefix, slider = form.elements.len;
+    const bits = form.querySelector(".px-bits"), range = form.querySelector(".px-range"), facts = form.querySelector(".px-facts");
+    let [addrText, lenText] = input.value.split("/");
+    let len = lenText === undefined ? Number(slider.value) : parseInt(lenText, 10);
+    const addr = parse(addrText || "");
+    if (addr === null || !(len >= 0 && len <= 128)) {
+      bits.innerHTML = '<span class="px-bad">not an IPv6 prefix: write address/length, e.g. 2001:db8::/32</span>';
+      range.innerHTML = ""; facts.textContent = "";
+      return;
+    }
+    slider.value = len;
+    const host = 128 - len;
+    const first = addr & ((ALL << BigInt(host)) & ALL);
+    const last = first | ((1n << BigInt(host)) - 1n);
+
+    // The 32 hex digits with the fixed part in the accent colour; a nibble
+    // that straddles the boundary is shown in binary.
+    const hex = groupsOf(first).map((x) => x.toString(16).padStart(4, "0")).join("");
+    const fullNibbles = Math.floor(len / 4), partBits = len % 4;
+    const withColons = (s, offset) => s.replace(/./g, (c, i) => ((offset + i) % 4 === 3 && offset + i < 31 ? c + ":" : c));
+    let html = `<span class="fixed">${withColons(hex.slice(0, fullNibbles), 0)}</span>`;
+    let rest = fullNibbles;
+    if (partBits) {
+      const nib = parseInt(hex[fullNibbles], 16).toString(2).padStart(4, "0");
+      // One hex digit, four bits, with the boundary inside it.
+      html += `<span class="part" title="this hex digit straddles the boundary, shown as its four bits">${nib.slice(0, partBits)}<i>${"x".repeat(4 - partBits)}</i></span>`;
+      rest++;
+    }
+    html += `<span class="free">${withColons("x".repeat(32 - rest), rest)}</span>`;
+    bits.innerHTML = html;
+
+    // Every shorter prefix contains this one; show three of them, at byte
+    // boundaries, with the range's position and share marked in each, so
+    // that no single one looks like "the" parent. Then the range itself.
+    const levels = [];
+    for (let pl = len === 0 ? -1 : 8 * Math.floor((len - 1) / 8); pl >= 0 && levels.length < 3; pl -= 8) {
+      const slots = 1n << BigInt(len - pl);
+      const index = (first >> BigInt(host)) & (slots - 1n);
+      const enclosing = first & ((ALL << BigInt(128 - pl)) & ALL);
+      // Position and width as fractions; the slice is kept visible.
+      const left = Number((index * 100000n) / slots) / 1000, width = Math.max(100 / Number(slots), 0.3);
+      levels.push(`<div class="px-level"><span class="px-level-name">${esc(format(enclosing))}/${pl}</span>
+        <span class="px-track"><i style="left:${left}%;width:${width}%"></i></span>
+        <span class="px-level-count">1 of ${pow2(len - pl)}</span></div>`);
+    }
+    range.innerHTML = `
+      <div class="px-levels">${levels.length ? `<div class="px-levels-title">every shorter prefix contains it; three of them:</div>${levels.join("")}` : '<div class="px-levels-title">nothing is shorter than /0: this is every address there is</div>'}</div>
+      <div class="px-bar"><span class="px-end px-first">${esc(format(first))}</span><span class="px-mid">${pow2(host)} addresses</span><span class="px-end px-last">${esc(format(last))}</span></div>`;
+
+    const parts = [`The first <b>${len}</b> bits are fixed; the other ${host} are for use within the network.`];
+    if (len < 64) parts.push(`That is <b>${pow2(64 - len)}</b> /64s, one per LAN.`);
+    else if (len === 64) parts.push(`Exactly one LAN.`);
+    else parts.push(`Smaller than a LAN: ${host === 0 ? "a single host" : `part of one /64`}.`);
+    if (len < 48) parts.push(`Or ${pow2(48 - len)} /48s, one per site.`);
+    facts.innerHTML = parts.join(" ");
+  }
+
+  document.addEventListener("input", (e) => {
+    const form = e.target.closest && e.target.closest("form.prefix-explorer");
+    if (!form) return;
+    if (e.target.name === "len") {
+      // The slider rewrites the length in the text field.
+      const addr = form.elements.prefix.value.split("/")[0];
+      form.elements.prefix.value = `${addr}/${e.target.value}`;
+    }
+    render(form);
+    if (window.deck) window.deck.layout();
+  });
+  document.addEventListener("submit", (e) => {
+    if (e.target.closest && e.target.closest("form.prefix-explorer")) e.preventDefault();
+  });
+  // Fill in the initial values once the slides exist.
+  const init = () => document.querySelectorAll("form.prefix-explorer").forEach(render);
+  window.addEventListener("deck-ready", init);
+  if (document.readyState === "complete") setTimeout(init, 500);
+})();

slides/sections/00-intro.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+## About the speaker
+
+**Rayhaan Jaufeerally**
+
+- Software engineer at a hyperscaler, working on security and reliability.
+- Studied at ETH from 2016 to 2019, and took the network security course.
+- Has been running **AS210036** since 2018, for personal use and research
+
+<p class="note">Today we'll get to use some connectivity through this network.</p>
+
+Notes:
+
+- Working at a large company with some offices near the main train station
+- Former ETH masters student and took the network security course
+- After my degree I signed up to be a LIR at RIPE, and got my own Autonomous System and started peering, for the fun of running my own network.

slides/sections/01-resources.md

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# Internet Numbering Resources
+
+Notes:
+Before we look at what's going on in the internet, let's refresh on how the Internet is even addressed.
+
+---
+
+## Packets are sent to IP addresses
+
+<form class="dns-lookup" autocomplete="off">
+<input name="domain" value="ethz.ch" spellcheck="false" aria-label="domain name"><button type="submit">lookup AAAA</button>
+<div class="dns-result"><span class="dim">Ask a resolver which IPv6 address this name stands for.</span></div>
+</form>
+
+IP packets are sent to IP addresses, not domain names. Every time you use a domain name, it is resolved into an IP address via DNS.
+
+<!-- .element: class="note" -->
+
+Notes:
+Live: type a few names the students use. ethz.ch has an AAAA record;
+github.com has none (only A), which shows that the two address families
+are separate. The answer comes from Google Public DNS over HTTPS
+(dns.google), so it needs the lecture-hall network.
+
+---
+
+## Who does the address belong to?
+
+<form class="ripe-lookup" autocomplete="off">
+<input name="query" value="2001:67c:10ec:254::216" spellcheck="false" aria-label="address, prefix or AS number"><button type="submit">whois</button>
+<div class="ripe-result"><div class="ripe-msg">Paste the address from the last slide.</div></div>
+</form>
+
+The **inet6num** says who was assigned the block; the **route6** says which AS is allowed to originate it.
+
+<!-- .element: class="note" -->
+
+Notes:
+Paste the AAAA answer from the previous slide. ETH's /48 is ASSIGNED PI
+(provider independent, sponsored by SWITCH) and its route6 names AS559,
+SWITCH. Try 2a0d:d741:1::1 as well: the lab prefix, origin AS210036. The
+box takes AS numbers too (AS559). Same source as whois -h whois.ripe.net,
+over the database's REST API.
+
+---
+
+## An IPv6 address is 128 bits
+
+```text
+2001:0db8:0001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001     eight groups of 16 bits, in hex
+2001:db8:1:0:0:0:0:1                        drop leading zeros in a group
+2001:db8:1::1                               one run of zero groups becomes ::
+```
+
+`::` may appear once, or the address would be ambiguous. `2001:db8::/32` is reserved for documentation, so it never appears on the real Internet.
+
+<!-- .element: class="note" -->
+
+Notes:
+Ask: why only once? Because 2001::1::1 could put the zeros in several places.
+2001:db8::/32 is RFC 3849: set aside for examples, never routed.
+
+---
+
+## A prefix is a range of addresses
+
+In BGP, the control plane for the internet, it's not viable to talk about single addresses, so we use prefix ranges.
+
+<form class="prefix-explorer" autocomplete="off">
+<input name="prefix" value="2001:db8:1::/48" spellcheck="false" aria-label="IPv6 prefix"><input type="range" name="len" min="0" max="128" value="48" aria-label="prefix length">
+<p class="bits px-bits"></p>
+<div class="px-range"></div>
+<p class="note px-facts"></p>
+</form>
+
+Notes:
+Live. Drag the slider: the fixed part grows and the range shrinks by half per
+bit. Try /47 or /50 to see a hex digit split in two. The three rows above the
+bar are three of the shorter prefixes that contain it, with its position and
+share in each: there is no such thing as "the" parent prefix, only whatever
+someone chose to allocate from.
+2^80 addresses in one /48, about 1.2 million billion billion. The /n is a
+count of leading bits, nothing more.
+
+---
+
+## The global IPv6 address space
+
+<svg class="diagram" viewBox="0 0 1000 470" role="img" aria-label="Nested boxes: all of IPv6, inside it global unicast 2000::/3, inside that the documentation prefix 2001:db8::/32, inside that one /64 LAN with its hosts">
+<g class="nest l0"><rect x="8" y="8" width="984" height="454"/></g>
+<text x="28" y="42" class="left accent nest-label">::/0</text><text x="112" y="42" class="left nest-desc">every IPv6 address there is: 2¹²⁸ of them</text>
+<g class="nest l1"><rect x="80" y="70" width="880" height="366"/></g>
+<text x="100" y="104" class="left accent nest-label">2000::/3</text><text x="230" y="104" class="left nest-desc">global unicast: the eighth of the space that is routed on the Internet</text>
+<g class="nest l2"><rect x="160" y="134" width="760" height="278"/></g>
+<text x="180" y="168" class="left accent nest-label">2001:db8::/32</text><text x="376" y="168" class="left nest-desc">one provider's allocation (this one is reserved for documentation)</text>
+<g class="nest l3"><rect x="260" y="200" width="580" height="188"/></g>
+<text x="280" y="234" class="left accent nest-label">2001:db8:1:2::/64</text><text x="530" y="234" class="left nest-desc">one LAN: 2⁶⁴ addresses for its hosts</text>
+<circle class="host" cx="330" cy="310" r="12"/><text x="330" y="352" class="host-addr">::1</text>
+<circle class="host" cx="430" cy="310" r="12"/><text x="430" y="352" class="host-addr">::2</text>
+<circle class="host" cx="530" cy="310" r="12"/><text x="530" y="352" class="host-addr">::3</text>
+<text x="630" y="318" class="host-addr">…</text>
+<circle class="host" cx="740" cy="310" r="12"/><text x="740" y="352" class="host-addr">::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff</text>
+<text x="976" y="452" class="small" style="text-anchor:end">not to scale</text>
+</svg>
+
+Notes:
+Not to scale: a /64 is 2^-64 of the space. Only the first ring matters for
+routing; the others are how the space is handed down, which is next.
+
+---
+
+## Who hands out the addresses
+
+<svg class="diagram" viewBox="0 0 1000 470" role="img" aria-label="IANA at the top hands blocks to five regional registries; RIPE NCC hands smaller blocks to local registries such as SWITCH and an ISP, which assign to end users such as ETH Zurich and their customers">
+<g class="hot"><rect x="400" y="14" width="200" height="56" rx="8"/></g><text x="500" y="48">IANA</text>
+<text x="30" y="48" class="left small">the root: one pool for the whole world</text>
+<line class="link" x1="500" y1="70" x2="96" y2="130"/><line class="link" x1="500" y1="70" x2="298" y2="130"/><line class="link" x1="500" y1="70" x2="500" y2="130"/><line class="link" x1="500" y1="70" x2="702" y2="130"/><line class="link" x1="500" y1="70" x2="904" y2="130"/>
+<text x="30" y="108" class="left small">a /12 to each region</text>
+<rect x="16" y="130" width="160" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="96" y="164">AFRINIC</text>
+<rect x="218" y="130" width="160" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="298" y="164">APNIC</text>
+<rect x="420" y="130" width="160" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="500" y="164">ARIN</text>
+<rect x="622" y="130" width="160" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="702" y="164">LACNIC</text>
+<g class="hot"><rect x="824" y="130" width="160" height="56" rx="8"/></g><text x="904" y="164" class="accent">RIPE NCC</text>
+<text x="30" y="222" class="left small">RIRs: five regional registries, one per part of the world</text>
+<line class="link" x1="904" y1="186" x2="690" y2="256"/><line class="link" x1="904" y1="186" x2="904" y2="256"/>
+<text x="700" y="238" class="left small">/29 and up to a member</text>
+<rect x="600" y="256" width="180" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="690" y="290">SWITCH</text>
+<rect x="814" y="256" width="180" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="904" y="290">an ISP</text>
+<text x="30" y="298" class="left small">LIRs: members of an RIR, usually providers</text>
+<line class="link" x1="690" y1="312" x2="690" y2="382"/><line class="link" x1="904" y1="312" x2="904" y2="382"/>
+<text x="700" y="360" class="left small">a /48 to a site</text>
+<rect x="600" y="382" width="180" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="690" y="416">ETH Zürich</text>
+<rect x="814" y="382" width="180" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="904" y="416">its customers</text>
+<text x="30" y="424" class="left small">end users: companies, universities, you</text>
+</svg>
+
+Notes:
+
+- The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority comes up with allocations of IP
+  addresses from the global space
+- Blocks are assigned to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), which allocate
+  them to Local Internet Registries (LIRs), who assign to end users
+- The RIPE lookup two slides back showed exactly this chain: ETH's /48 is
+  ASSIGNED PI, sponsored by SWITCH (the LIR), registered at RIPE NCC (the
+  RIR). Nobody owns addresses; they are registered to you.
+
+---
+
+## AS numbers
+
+- Used to identify networks under a single oeprator, and required for exchanging BGP traffic
+- Managed by IANA and the RIRs
+- 16 bits at first: `1` to `65535`
+- 32 bits since RFC 6793: up to `4294967295`
+- In order to have a smooth transition, `AS23456` is used as a placeholder when the AS number is > 16 bits
+- 32 bit AS numbers are then exchanged using a BGP capability message to be backwards compatible
+- Private use: `64512–65534` and `4200000000–4294967294`
+
+AS numbers come down the same chain: IANA to the RIRs, an RIR to whoever runs a network. The lab daemon is `AS4200000001`, a private one, stripped before the Internet sees your route.
+
+<!-- .element: class="note" -->
+
+Notes:
+Nobody "owns" numbers or addresses; they are registered to you. RFC 6996
+reserves the private ranges. The upstream router removes the private AS from
+the path, so the origin everybody else sees is AS210036.
+
+---
+
+## Handout Part 1

slides/sections/03-bgp-update.md

@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+# BGP in detail
+
+Notes:
+We're going to look at some implementation details of the protocol
+
+---
+
+##
+
+- Runs over TCP, port `179`, and is exchanged typically between peering routers
+- Each side tells the other its best route per prefix
+- Only _changes_ are sent: no periodic refresh
+- If the session drops, after a timeout the routes learned over that session are dropped
+
+Notes:
+BGP is a very old protocol, and a lot of it's design predates the internet being something with adversarial participants.
+Security and extensions have had to be bolted on, in perhaps strange ways.
+
+---
+
+## The four message types
+
+| Type | Name         | Says                                                    |
+| ---- | ------------ | ------------------------------------------------------- |
+| 1    | OPEN         | AS number, router ID, capabilities                      |
+| 2    | **UPDATE**   | these prefixes are reachable, those no longer are       |
+| 3    | NOTIFICATION | errors and informational messages: e.g. rebooting       |
+| 4    | KEEPALIVE    | Heartbeat to keep the session up when there's no update |
+
+OPEN, OPEN, KEEPALIVE, KEEPALIVE, and then a stream of UPDATEs.
+
+<!-- .element: class="note" -->
+
+Notes:
+There is actually a fifth type, ROUTE-REFRESH: "send me everything again, my policy changed".
+
+---
+
+## OPEN: a handshake between peers.
+
+<svg class="diagram" viewBox="0 0 1000 340" role="img" aria-label="An OPEN message: the common header, then version, AS number, hold time, BGP identifier, and optional parameters that carry the capabilities">
+<text x="20" y="22" class="left small pkt-title">header, the same on every message: 19 bytes</text>
+<g class="pkt hh"><rect x="20" y="30" width="470" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="255" y="59" class="pkt-name">marker</text>
+<text x="255" y="81" class="pkt-size">16 bytes, all ff</text>
+<g class="pkt hh"><rect x="494" y="30" width="240" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="614" y="59" class="pkt-name">length</text>
+<text x="614" y="81" class="pkt-size">2 bytes</text>
+<g class="pkt hh"><rect x="738" y="30" width="242" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="859" y="59" class="pkt-name">type</text>
+<text x="859" y="81" class="pkt-size">1 byte</text>
+<text x="20" y="132" class="left small pkt-title">OPEN: the fixed part</text>
+<g class="pkt hl"><rect x="20" y="140" width="150" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="95" y="169" class="pkt-name">version</text>
+<text x="95" y="191" class="pkt-size">1 byte: 4</text>
+<g class="pkt hl"><rect x="174" y="140" width="200" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="274" y="169" class="pkt-name">my AS</text>
+<text x="274" y="191" class="pkt-size">2 bytes, or 23456</text>
+<g class="pkt hl"><rect x="378" y="140" width="200" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="478" y="169" class="pkt-name">hold time</text>
+<text x="478" y="191" class="pkt-size">2 bytes, seconds</text>
+<g class="pkt hl"><rect x="582" y="140" width="240" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="702" y="169" class="pkt-name">BGP identifier</text>
+<text x="702" y="191" class="pkt-size">4 bytes, the router ID</text>
+<g class="pkt hl"><rect x="826" y="140" width="154" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="903" y="169" class="pkt-name">opt. length</text>
+<text x="903" y="191" class="pkt-size">1 byte</text>
+<path class="pkt-expand" d="M 826 204 L 20 250"/>
+<path class="pkt-expand" d="M 980 204 L 980 250"/>
+<text x="20" y="250" class="left small pkt-title">optional parameters: today always one, of type 2 = capabilities, each a (code, length, value)</text>
+<g class="pkt ha"><rect x="20" y="258" width="120" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="80" y="287" class="pkt-name">type 2</text>
+<text x="80" y="309" class="pkt-size">capabilities</text>
+<g class="pkt ha"><rect x="144" y="258" width="110" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="199" y="287" class="pkt-name">length</text>
+<text x="199" y="309" class="pkt-size">1 byte</text>
+<g class="pkt ha2"><rect x="258" y="258" width="200" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="358" y="287" class="pkt-name">IPv6 unicast</text>
+<text x="358" y="309" class="pkt-size">code 1: AFI 2, SAFI 1</text>
+<g class="pkt ha2"><rect x="462" y="258" width="190" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="557" y="287" class="pkt-name">4-byte AS</text>
+<text x="557" y="309" class="pkt-size">code 65: 210036</text>
+<g class="pkt ha2"><rect x="656" y="258" width="170" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="741" y="287" class="pkt-name">route refresh</text>
+<text x="741" y="309" class="pkt-size">code 2, empty</text>
+<g class="pkt ha2"><rect x="830" y="258" width="150" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="905" y="287" class="pkt-name">…</text>
+<text x="905" y="309" class="pkt-size">more capabilities</text>
+</svg>
+
+Notes:
+Sent once, by each side, as soon as the TCP connection is up. The two sides
+must agree: the AS must be the one configured for the neighbour, the hold
+time becomes the smaller of the two, and only capabilities both announced are
+used. A 4-byte AS does not fit in "my AS", so that field carries 23456 and the
+real number rides in a capability, which is how our AS210036 arrives.
+
+---
+
+## BGP Open message
+
+<div class="bytewalk">
+<pre class="bytes bw-dump"><span class="hh" data-i="0">ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff</span> <span class="hh" data-i="1">00 37</span> <span class="hh" data-i="2">01</span> <span class="hl" data-i="3">04</span> <span class="hl" data-i="4">5b a0</span> <span class="hl" data-i="5">00 f0</span> <span class="hl" data-i="6">0a ff 00 01</span> <span class="hl" data-i="7">1a</span> <span class="ha" data-i="8">02</span> <span class="ha" data-i="9">18</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="10">01</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="11">04</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="12">00 02</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="13">00</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="14">01</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="15">02</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="16">00</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="17">06</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="18">00</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="19">40</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="20">02</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="21">00 00</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="22">41</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="23">04</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="24">00 03 34 74</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="25">46</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="26">00</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="27">47</span> <span class="ha2" data-i="28">00</span></pre>
+<div class="bw-rows">
+<div class="bw-group">BGP header: 19 bytes, on every message</div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="0" tabindex="0"><code class="hh">ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff</code><b>marker</b><span>sixteen bytes of ff.</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="1" tabindex="0"><code class="hh">00 37</code><b>length</b><span>0x0037 = 55 bytes, header included. At most 4096, or 65535 with the extended-message capability</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="2" tabindex="0"><code class="hh">01</code><b>type</b><span>1 = OPEN (2 UPDATE, 3 NOTIFICATION, 4 KEEPALIVE, 5 ROUTE-REFRESH)</span></div>
+<div class="bw-group">OPEN: the fixed part, 10 bytes</div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="3" tabindex="0"><code class="hl">04</code><b>version</b><span>BGP version 4</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="4" tabindex="0"><code class="hl">5b a0</code><b>my AS</b><span>0x5ba0 = 23456, AS_TRANS: the ASN is longer than 16 bits so is encoded in a capability instead</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="5" tabindex="0"><code class="hl">00 f0</code><b>hold time</b><span>0x00f0 = 240 seconds. both peers use the minimum announced; a KEEPALIVE typically is sent every 1/3rd of this duration</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="6" tabindex="0"><code class="hl">0a ff 00 01</code><b>BGP identifier</b><span>0a ff 00 01 = 10.255.0.1, the router ID. Looks like an IPv4 address, just needs to be a unique identifier.</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="7" tabindex="0"><code class="hl">1a</code><b>optional parameters length</b><span>0x1a = 26 bytes follow</span></div>
+<div class="bw-group">Optional parameter: 2 + 24 bytes</div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="8" tabindex="0"><code class="ha">02</code><b>parameter type</b><span>2 = capabilities</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="9" tabindex="0"><code class="ha">18</code><b>parameter length</b><span>0x18 = 24 bytes of capabilities follow, each as type, length, value</span></div>
+<div class="bw-group">Capability 1: multiprotocol (RFC 4760)</div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="10" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">01</code><b>code</b><span>1 = multiprotocol extensions</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="11" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">04</code><b>length</b><span>4</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="12" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">00 02</code><b>AFI</b><span>0x0002 = IPv6. Address Family Identifier</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="13" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">00</code><b>reserved</b><span>0</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="14" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">01</code><b>SAFI</b><span>1 = unicast. Subsequent Address Family Identifier.</span></div>
+<div class="bw-group">Capability 2: route refresh (RFC 2918)</div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="15" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">02</code><b>code</b><span>2 = route refresh: “you may ask me to resend everything”</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="16" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">00</code><b>length</b><span>0</span></div>
+<div class="bw-group">Capability 6: extended message (RFC 8654)</div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="17" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">06</code><b>code</b><span>6 = messages up to 65535 bytes are supported</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="18" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">00</code><b>length</b><span>0</span></div>
+<div class="bw-group">Capability 64: graceful restart (RFC 4724)</div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="19" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">40</code><b>code</b><span>0x40 = 64, graceful restart</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="20" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">02</code><b>length</b><span>2</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="21" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">00 00</code><b>flags and restart time</b><span>0x0000: not restarting, restart time 0, and no address families listed.</span></div>
+<div class="bw-group">Capability 65: four-octet AS (RFC 6793)</div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="22" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">41</code><b>code</b><span>0x41 = 65, four-octet AS number</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="23" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">04</code><b>length</b><span>4</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="24" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">00 03 34 74</code><b>AS number</b><span>00 03 34 74 = 210036: the real AS. Included here since it doesn't fit in the header</span></div>
+<div class="bw-group">Capability 70: enhanced route refresh (RFC 7313)</div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="25" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">46</code><b>code</b><span>0x46 = 70</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="26" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">00</code><b>length</b><span>0</span></div>
+<div class="bw-group">Capability 71: long-lived graceful restart</div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="27" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">47</code><b>code</b><span>0x47 = 71</span></div>
+<div class="bw-row" data-i="28" tabindex="0"><code class="ha2">00</code><b>length</b><span>0, no address families listed</span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+Notes:
+What BIRD on our upstream router sends the lab daemon, byte for byte. Hold
+time 240 is BIRD's default; keepalives go every third of it.
+
+---
+
+## Update message format
+
+<svg class="diagram" viewBox="0 0 1000 460" role="img" aria-label="An UPDATE message: the common header, then withdrawn routes, path attributes and NLRI, with one attribute and one prefix expanded">
+<text x="20" y="22" class="left small pkt-title">header: 19 bytes</text>
+<g class="pkt hh"><rect x="20" y="30" width="470" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="255" y="59" class="pkt-name">marker</text>
+<text x="255" y="81" class="pkt-size">16 bytes, all ff</text>
+<g class="pkt hh"><rect x="494" y="30" width="240" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="614" y="59" class="pkt-name">length</text>
+<text x="614" y="81" class="pkt-size">2 bytes</text>
+<g class="pkt hh"><rect x="738" y="30" width="242" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="859" y="59" class="pkt-name">type</text>
+<text x="859" y="81" class="pkt-size">1 byte</text>
+<text x="20" y="132" class="left small pkt-title">UPDATE body: two lengths, three variable parts</text>
+<g class="pkt hl"><rect x="20" y="140" width="170" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="105" y="169" class="pkt-name">withdrawn length</text>
+<text x="105" y="191" class="pkt-size">2 bytes</text>
+<g class="pkt hn"><rect x="194" y="140" width="200" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="294" y="169" class="pkt-name">withdrawn routes</text>
+<text x="294" y="191" class="pkt-size">IPv4 prefixes gone</text>
+<g class="pkt hl"><rect x="398" y="140" width="170" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="483" y="169" class="pkt-name">attributes length</text>
+<text x="483" y="191" class="pkt-size">2 bytes</text>
+<g class="pkt ha"><rect x="572" y="140" width="240" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="692" y="169" class="pkt-name">path attributes</text>
+<text x="692" y="191" class="pkt-size">everything about the route</text>
+<g class="pkt hn"><rect x="816" y="140" width="172" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="902" y="169" class="pkt-name">NLRI</text>
+<text x="902" y="191" class="pkt-size">IPv4 prefixes, new</text>
+<path class="pkt-expand" d="M 572 204 L 20 250"/>
+<path class="pkt-expand" d="M 812 204 L 980 250"/>
+<text x="20" y="250" class="left small pkt-title">one path attribute; repeated for multiple</text>
+<g class="pkt ha"><rect x="20" y="258" width="150" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="95" y="287" class="pkt-name">flags</text>
+<text x="95" y="309" class="pkt-size">1 byte</text>
+<g class="pkt ha"><rect x="174" y="258" width="330" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="339" y="287" class="pkt-name">type</text>
+<text x="339" y="309" class="pkt-size">1 byte: ORIGIN = 1, AS_PATH = 2 …</text>
+<g class="pkt ha"><rect x="508" y="258" width="180" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="598" y="287" class="pkt-name">length</text>
+<text x="598" y="309" class="pkt-size">1 or 2 bytes</text>
+<g class="pkt ha2"><rect x="692" y="258" width="292" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="838" y="287" class="pkt-name">value</text>
+<text x="838" y="309" class="pkt-size">as many bytes as it said</text>
+<path class="pkt-expand" d="M 979 204 L 979 376"/>
+<text x="20" y="368" class="left small pkt-title">one prefix, in NLRI and in withdrawn routes: a bit count, then only the bytes that count needs</text>
+<g class="pkt hn"><rect x="20" y="376" width="300" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="170" y="405" class="pkt-name">length</text>
+<text x="170" y="427" class="pkt-size">1 byte: 24 for a /24</text>
+<g class="pkt hn"><rect x="324" y="376" width="656" height="64" rx="6"/></g>
+<text x="652" y="405" class="pkt-name">prefix</text>
+<text x="652" y="427" class="pkt-size">3 bytes for a /24, 6 for a /48 …</text>
+</svg>
+
+Notes:
+One UPDATE carries one set of attributes, and every prefix that shares them.
+The withdrawn and NLRI fields can only hold IPv4; the next slides show where
+IPv6 goes. Lengths everywhere: a receiver can walk the message without
+understanding any of it, which is what lets unknown attributes pass through.
+
+---
+
+## An example BGP update
+
+<div class="legend"><span class="hh">header</span><span class="hl">lengths</span><span class="ha">path attributes</span><span class="hn">NLRI</span></div>
+
+<pre class="bytes"><span class="hh">ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff</span> <span class="hh">00 59</span> <span class="hh">02</span> <span class="hl">00 00</span> <span class="hl">00 42</span> <span class="ha">40 01 01 00</span> <span class="ha2">40 02 06 02 01 00 03 34 74</span> <span class="ha">80 04 04 00 00 00 00</span> <span class="ha2">80 0e 1c 00 02 01 10 20 01 07 f8 00 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 c9 00 30 2a 0d d7 40 00 00</span> <span class="ha">c0 20 0c 00 03 34 74 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 02</span></pre>
+
+`2a0d:d740::/48`, as AS210036 announces it to the SwissIX route servers.
+
+<!-- .element: class="note" -->
+
+Notes:
+Built with the lab daemon's own encoder and checked by parsing it back, with
+the attributes pr01 puts on routes it exports to peers. Press down to walk
+through it part by part. Note there is nothing yellow: the NLRI field is
+empty. Hold that thought.
+
+---
+
+## Header
+
+<pre class="bytes focus"><span class="hh on">ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff</span> <span class="hh on">00 59</span> <span class="hh on">02</span> <span class="hl">00 00</span> <span class="hl">00 42</span> <span class="ha">40 01 01 00</span> <span class="ha2">40 02 06 02 01 00 03 34 74</span> <span class="ha">80 04 04 00 00 00 00</span> <span class="ha2">80 0e 1c 00 02 01 10 20 01 07 f8 00 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 c9 00 30 2a 0d d7 40 00 00</span> <span class="ha">c0 20 0c 00 03 34 74 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 02</span></pre>
+
+<table class="decode"><tr><td>ff × 16</td><td>Start of message marker.</td></tr><tr><td>00 59</td><td>length of the whole message: 89 bytes (maximum 4096)</td></tr><tr><td>02</td><td>type 2 = UPDATE</td></tr></table>
+
+---
+
+## Two lengths
+
+<pre class="bytes focus"><span class="hh">ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff</span> <span class="hh">00 59</span> <span class="hh">02</span> <span class="hl on">00 00</span> <span class="hl on">00 42</span> <span class="ha">40 01 01 00</span> <span class="ha2">40 02 06 02 01 00 03 34 74</span> <span class="ha">80 04 04 00 00 00 00</span> <span class="ha2">80 0e 1c 00 02 01 10 20 01 07 f8 00 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 c9 00 30 2a 0d d7 40 00 00</span> <span class="ha">c0 20 0c 00 03 34 74 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 02</span></pre>
+
+<table class="decode"><tr><td>00 00</td><td>0 bytes of withdrawn routes: nothing is being taken back</td></tr><tr><td>00 42</td><td>66 bytes of path attributes follow</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>89 − 19 − 2 − 2 − 66 = 0 bytes left over for NLRI</td></tr></table>
+
+---
+
+## ORIGIN
+
+<pre class="bytes focus"><span class="hh">ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff</span> <span class="hh">00 59</span> <span class="hh">02</span> <span class="hl">00 00</span> <span class="hl">00 42</span> <span class="ha on">40 01 01 00</span> <span class="ha2">40 02 06 02 01 00 03 34 74</span> <span class="ha">80 04 04 00 00 00 00</span> <span class="ha2">80 0e 1c 00 02 01 10 20 01 07 f8 00 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 c9 00 30 2a 0d d7 40 00 00</span> <span class="ha">c0 20 0c 00 03 34 74 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 02</span></pre>
+
+<table class="decode"><tr><td>40</td><td>flags: well-known, transitive</td></tr><tr><td>01</td><td>type 1 = ORIGIN</td></tr><tr><td>01</td><td>1 byte of value</td></tr><tr><td>00</td><td>IGP: the route was originated inside this AS</td></tr></table>
+
+Every attribute is _flags, type, length, value_.
+
+<!-- .element: class="note" -->
+
+---
+
+## AS_PATH
+
+<pre class="bytes focus"><span class="hh">ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff</span> <span class="hh">00 59</span> <span class="hh">02</span> <span class="hl">00 00</span> <span class="hl">00 42</span> <span class="ha">40 01 01 00</span> <span class="ha2 on">40 02 06 02 01 00 03 34 74</span> <span class="ha">80 04 04 00 00 00 00</span> <span class="ha2">80 0e 1c 00 02 01 10 20 01 07 f8 00 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 c9 00 30 2a 0d d7 40 00 00</span> <span class="ha">c0 20 0c 00 03 34 74 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 02</span></pre>
+
+<table class="decode"><tr><td>40 02 06</td><td>well-known, transitive; type 2; 6 bytes</td></tr><tr><td>02</td><td>an AS_SEQUENCE, order matters</td></tr><tr><td>01</td><td>of 1 AS number</td></tr><tr><td>00 03 34 74</td><td>210036, the origin. Four bytes each (RFC 6793)</td></tr></table>
+
+Every BGP router prepends its own AS number before announcing a route to an external peer, creating a map of which networks the announcement travelled through. This allows selecting the shortest path.
+
+<!-- .element: class="note" -->
+
+Notes:
+One entry, because SwissIX is one hop from the origin and the route server
+does not add itself. Seen from further away it reads e.g. 6939 210036.
+
+---
+
+## MULTI_EXIT_DISC
+
+<pre class="bytes focus"><span class="hh">ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff</span> <span class="hh">00 59</span> <span class="hh">02</span> <span class="hl">00 00</span> <span class="hl">00 42</span> <span class="ha">40 01 01 00</span> <span class="ha2">40 02 06 02 01 00 03 34 74</span> <span class="ha on">80 04 04 00 00 00 00</span> <span class="ha2">80 0e 1c 00 02 01 10 20 01 07 f8 00 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 c9 00 30 2a 0d d7 40 00 00</span> <span class="ha">c0 20 0c 00 03 34 74 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 02</span></pre>
+
+<table class="decode"><tr><td>80 04 04</td><td>optional, non-transitive; type 4; 4 bytes</td></tr><tr><td>00 00 00 00</td><td>MED 0. Lower is preferred, among routes from the same neighbour AS</td></tr></table>
+
+A hint to a neighbour about which path you prefer traffic to come in on. Non-transitive: it goes one hop and no further.
+
+<!-- .element: class="note" -->
+
+---
+
+## MP_REACH_NLRI: announcing paths for non-IPv4 protocols
+
+<pre class="bytes focus"><span class="hh">ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff</span> <span class="hh">00 59</span> <span class="hh">02</span> <span class="hl">00 00</span> <span class="hl">00 42</span> <span class="ha">40 01 01 00</span> <span class="ha2">40 02 06 02 01 00 03 34 74</span> <span class="ha">80 04 04 00 00 00 00</span> <span class="ha2 on">80 0e 1c 00 02 01 10 20 01 07 f8 00 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 c9 00 30 2a 0d d7 40 00 00</span> <span class="ha">c0 20 0c 00 03 34 74 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 02</span></pre>
+
+<table class="decode"><tr><td>80 0e 1c</td><td>optional, non-transitive; type 14; 28 bytes</td></tr><tr><td>00 02 · 01</td><td>address family IPv6, unicast</td></tr><tr><td>10 · 2001 07f8 0024 … 00c9</td><td>next hop, 16 bytes: 2001:7f8:24::c9, our port on the SwissIX peering LAN</td></tr><tr><td>00</td><td>reserved</td></tr><tr><td>30 · 2a 0d d7 40 00 00</td><td>48 bits of prefix: 2a0d:d740::/48</td></tr></table>
+
+Notes:
+BGP-4 was built for IPv4: its NLRI field cannot carry anything else. RFC 4760
+bolts other address families on as an attribute, each with its own next hop.
+A prefix is sent as a bit count plus only as many bytes as the count needs.
+The next hop is an address on the exchange's shared LAN: whoever receives this
+route sends packets straight to that address across the switch. Remember ::c9
+for the exchange diagram in the next section.
+Routers may also append their link-local address here, making it 32 bytes.
+
+---
+
+## LARGE_COMMUNITIES
+
+<pre class="bytes focus"><span class="hh">ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff</span> <span class="hh">00 59</span> <span class="hh">02</span> <span class="hl">00 00</span> <span class="hl">00 42</span> <span class="ha">40 01 01 00</span> <span class="ha2">40 02 06 02 01 00 03 34 74</span> <span class="ha">80 04 04 00 00 00 00</span> <span class="ha2">80 0e 1c 00 02 01 10 20 01 07 f8 00 24 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 c9 00 30 2a 0d d7 40 00 00</span> <span class="ha on">c0 20 0c 00 03 34 74 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00 02</span></pre>
+
+<table class="decode"><tr><td>c0 20 0c</td><td>optional, transitive; type 32; 12 bytes = one community</td></tr><tr><td>00033474 · 0000000a · 00000002</td><td>210036:10:2, a tag our router puts on everything it exports to peers</td></tr></table>
+
+Three 32-bit numbers. They mean whatever the network named in the first one says they mean.
+
+<!-- .element: class="note" -->
+
+---
+
+## The flags byte
+
+| Bit    | Set means                                         | Clear means                                      |
+| ------ | ------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
+| `0x80` | optional                                          | well-known: every BGP speaker must understand it |
+| `0x40` | transitive: pass it on, even if not understood    | drop it at the next hop                          |
+| `0x20` | partial: someone on the way did not understand it |                                                  |
+| `0x10` | length field is 2 bytes                           | 1 byte                                           |
+
+Path attribute transitivity allows adding instructions for networks far away from direct neighbours.
+
+<!-- .element: class="note" -->

slides/sections/04-transit-and-ix.md

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# Transit and exchanges
+
+Notes:
+Section 4. Two very different ways of getting routes, and what an Internet
+exchange physically is.
+
+---
+
+## Two ways to reach other networks
+
+<div class="cols">
+<div>
+
+### IP transit
+
+- You **pay** a provider
+- They give you routes to _everyone_
+- They announce you to _everyone_
+
+</div>
+<div>
+
+### Peering
+
+- Usually **free**, by mutual benefit
+- You exchange _your own_ routes, and your customers'
+- Traffic between the locally connected parties only
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+Notes:
+Transit is a customer-provider relationship; peering is between equals. A peer
+does not carry your traffic to third parties. Most networks have both: transit
+as the fallback, peering to keep traffic cheap and close.
+
+---
+
+## An exchange is a big Ethernet switch
+
+<svg class="diagram" viewBox="0 0 1000 400" role="img" aria-label="Members attached to a shared Ethernet peering LAN, with a route server">
+<g class="fabric"><rect x="60" y="175" width="880" height="56" rx="10"/></g>
+<text x="500" y="200" class="accent">peering LAN: one Ethernet segment, one subnet</text>
+<text x="500" y="220" class="small">SwissIX  2001:7f8:24::/64</text>
+<g class="hot"><rect x="70" y="40" width="180" height="70" rx="8"/></g>
+<text x="160" y="70">AS210036</text><text x="160" y="92" class="small">::c9</text>
+<rect x="300" y="40" width="180" height="70" rx="8"/><text x="390" y="70">AS559 SWITCH</text><text x="390" y="92" class="small">::35</text>
+<rect x="530" y="40" width="180" height="70" rx="8"/><text x="620" y="70">AS2906 Netflix</text><text x="620" y="92" class="small">::55</text>
+<rect x="760" y="40" width="180" height="70" rx="8"/><text x="850" y="70">AS13335 Cloudflare</text><text x="850" y="92" class="small">::c0</text>
+<line class="link" x1="160" y1="110" x2="160" y2="175"/><line class="link" x1="390" y1="110" x2="390" y2="175"/>
+<line class="link" x1="620" y1="110" x2="620" y2="175"/><line class="link" x1="850" y1="110" x2="850" y2="175"/>
+<rect x="385" y="300" width="230" height="70" rx="8"/><text x="500" y="330">route servers</text><text x="500" y="352" class="small">AS42476  ::a5ec:a:1</text>
+<line class="link" x1="500" y1="231" x2="500" y2="300"/>
+<path class="bgp" d="M 140 110 C 140 290, 300 335, 385 335"/>
+<path class="bgp" d="M 410 110 C 410 250, 440 270, 470 300"/>
+<path class="traffic" d="M 180 110 C 180 165, 370 165, 370 110"/>
+<text x="275" y="138" class="small" style="fill:#4fd98a">traffic</text>
+<text x="215" y="300" class="small accent">BGP</text>
+</svg>
+
+Notes:
+Every member plugs one router port into the same layer-2 network and gets one
+address in a shared subnet. No routing inside the exchange: just Ethernet.
+Dashed blue is a BGP session, green is where the packets actually go.
+
+---
+
+## What that implies
+
+- Peering participants in an exchange are all one hop away, found by neighbour discovery
+- A route's next hop is the peer's LAN address, so traffic goes **directly** member to member
+- The exchange is a simple layer 2 switch, allowing for a large capacity at low cost
+- Strict(ish) rules on what traffic is allowed on the peering lan (e.g. no DHCP or broadcast packets)
+
+Notes:
+
+- IPv6 neighbour discovery and ARP are used to discover the MAC addresses of peers
+- after which traffic can flow directly
+
+---
+
+## Route servers
+
+Are a piece of shared infrastructure that simplifies peering.
+
+- Most participants peer with the route server and annouce their prefixes there
+- The route server can then distribute these routes to every other participant
+- Simplifes from `n²` to `n` sessions
+- Not in the traffic path and does not add its own AS into the path
+- Allows controlling behaviour with communities, e.g. `42476:0:<as>` "not to `<as>`", `42476:1:<as>` "only to `<as>`"
+
+Notes:
+A route server is a BGP speaker that only redistributes. Because it is
+transparent, the AS path looks exactly as if you peered with each member
+directly. We will use those communities in the lab.
+
+---
+
+## Looking glasses
+
+Are a useful tool to inspect the state of another network or internet exchange
+
+- SwissIX https://lg.swissix.ch/
+- NL-ix https://lg.nl-ix.net/
+- BGP tools https://bgp.tools/

slides/sections/05-lab.md

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# The lab
+
+### <a href="https://bgplab.rayhaan.net">bgplab.rayhaan.net</a>
+
+Notes:
+Section 5. What the students are about to touch, and what stands between a
+typo and the Internet.
+
+---
+
+## What you are connected to
+
+<svg class="diagram" viewBox="0 0 1000 430" role="img" aria-label="Browser to the lab BGP speaker to the BIRD router pr01.rue, which peers at four exchanges and buys transit">
+<rect x="20" y="170" width="150" height="80" rx="8"/><text x="95" y="205">you</text><text x="95" y="228" class="small">a browser</text>
+<g class="hot"><rect x="230" y="170" width="200" height="80" rx="8"/></g><text x="330" y="202" class="accent">lab speaker</text><text x="330" y="226" class="small">AS4200000001</text>
+<rect x="490" y="170" width="200" height="80" rx="8"/><text x="590" y="202">pr01.rue (BIRD)</text><text x="590" y="226" class="small">AS210036</text>
+<line class="link" x1="170" y1="210" x2="230" y2="210"/><text x="200" y="160" class="small">HTTPS</text>
+<line class="bgp" x1="430" y1="210" x2="490" y2="210"/><text x="460" y="160" class="small accent">BGP</text>
+<text x="330" y="280" class="small">web page + BGP speaker</text><text x="590" y="280" class="small">filters, then decides where</text>
+<rect x="780" y="20" width="200" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="880" y="54">SwissIX</text>
+<rect x="780" y="98" width="200" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="880" y="132">NL-ix</text>
+<rect x="780" y="176" width="200" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="880" y="210">France-IX</text>
+<rect x="780" y="254" width="200" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="880" y="288">DE-CIX</text>
+<rect x="780" y="352" width="200" height="56" rx="8"/><text x="880" y="386">transit</text>
+<path class="bgp" d="M 690 195 C 740 195, 730 48, 780 48"/><path class="bgp" d="M 690 203 C 740 203, 735 126, 780 126"/>
+<path class="bgp" d="M 690 210 L 780 204"/><path class="bgp" d="M 690 217 C 740 217, 735 282, 780 282"/>
+<path class="bgp" d="M 690 225 C 740 225, 730 380, 780 380"/>
+</svg>
+
+Notes:
+The lab speaker is a small BGP daemon written for this course; it runs on
+the same machine as the router. Both dashed hops are real BGP sessions. Everything to
+the right of pr01 is the actual Internet.
+
+---
+
+## Your prefix
+
+`2a0d:d741:<n>::/48`
+
+- `<n>` is your number **in hex**: student 10 is `2a0d:d741:a::/48`
+- Put your name in _owner_: only the owner can withdraw a route
+- One prefix each
+
+Notes:
+Put the URL and the class password on the board. The page is a snapshot by
+default; turn on auto-refresh at the top right to watch things change.
+
+---
+
+## What happens when you press _Announce_
+
+1. The lab speaker builds an UPDATE. Click _bytes_ to see it, hover to decode it
+2. pr01 checks it against its import filter
+3. pr01 decides, per neighbour, whether to pass it on
+4. Your announcement propagates throughout the whole internet!
+5. `ping 2a0d:d741:<n>::1` answers, from anywhere
+
+Notes:
+Step 5: pr01 answers for every address in the lab space, so reachability of
+your prefix depends only on whether your announcement got out.
+
+---
+
+## Steering your route
+
+| You add                       | Who acts | Effect                            |
+| ----------------------------- | -------- | --------------------------------- |
+| nothing                       |          | announced everywhere              |
+| `210036:0:0`                  | pr01     | announced nowhere                 |
+| `210036:0:0` `210036:1:42476` | pr01     | only to the SwissIX route servers |
+| + `42476:0:0` `42476:1:559`   | SwissIX  | …and from there only to SWITCH    |
+| `NO_EXPORT`                   | pr01     | accepted, never passed on         |
+
+Same idea at two hops: _never there_, _only there_, _nowhere_.
+
+<!-- .element: class="note" -->
+
+Notes:
+210036:0:<as> never to that AS, 210036:1:<as> to that AS, 210036:2/3:<n> the
+same by exchange (1 SwissIX, 2 NL-ix, 3 France-IX, 4 DE-CIX). A "never" always
+wins. The preset menu next to the field has all of these.
+
+---
+
+## Handout Part 2 & 3
+
+Notes:
+Looking glasses: bgp.tools, RIPEstat, and the exchange's own. Global
+visibility takes a minute or two to settle after each change.

slides/serve.py

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Serve the deck for editing: like `python3 -m http.server`, but every
+response says Cache-Control: no-store, so a plain reload always shows the
+files as they are on disk. (The stock server sends Last-Modified and nothing
+else, and browsers then keep the section files and the CSS for a while.)
+
+    python3 slides/serve.py            # http://localhost:8765
+    python3 slides/serve.py 8000
+"""
+import os
+import sys
+from http.server import SimpleHTTPRequestHandler, ThreadingHTTPServer
+
+
+class NoCacheHandler(SimpleHTTPRequestHandler):
+    def end_headers(self):
+        self.send_header("Cache-Control", "no-store")
+        super().end_headers()
+
+    def log_message(self, fmt, *args):
+        pass  # quiet; errors still go through log_error
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    port = int(sys.argv[1]) if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 8765
+    os.chdir(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+    print(f"serving {os.getcwd()} on http://localhost:{port}/")
+    ThreadingHTTPServer(("", port), NoCacheHandler).serve_forever()

slides/style.css

@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+/*
+ * Components and helpers used by the slides. The look (palette, type, panels,
+ * motif) is in theme.css; nothing here sets a brand colour directly.
+ */
+
+.hidden {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+/* ---- text -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/* A quiet aside under the main point. */
+.reveal .note {
+  font-style: italic;
+  font-size: 75%;
+  color: var(--muted);
+}
+
+/* Image and quote credits:  <!-- .element: class="attribution" -->  */
+.reveal .attribution {
+  font-size: 45%;
+  font-style: italic;
+  color: var(--muted);
+}
+
+/* One big statement on an otherwise empty slide. */
+.reveal .big {
+  font-size: 1.9em;
+  font-weight: 300;
+  line-height: 1.25;
+  color: var(--ink-strong);
+}
+
+/* ---- layout ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+.container {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: center;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 1em;
+}
+
+.flex-around {
+  display: flex;
+  justify-content: space-around;
+  align-items: flex-start;
+  gap: 1em;
+}
+
+/* Two equal columns:  <div class="cols"><div>…</div><div>…</div></div>  */
+.cols {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 1.2em;
+  align-items: center;
+  text-align: left;
+}
+
+.cols > * {
+  flex: 1 1 0;
+  min-width: 0;
+}
+
+.float-left {
+  float: left;
+}
+
+.float-right {
+  float: right;
+}
+
+.no-border {
+  background: none !important;
+  border: none !important;
+  box-shadow: none !important;
+}
+
+.reveal img.blur-edges {
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  box-shadow: 0 0 25px 8px rgba(20, 30, 60, 0.2);
+}
+
+.reveal table.borders td,
+.reveal table.borders th {
+  border: 1px solid var(--rule);
+}
+
+/* ---- boxes: small labelled cards, e.g. one per AS or per community ----------- */
+
+.boxes {
+  display: flex;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  justify-content: center;
+  font-size: 70%;
+  margin: 0.6em 0;
+}
+
+.boxes > div {
+  padding: 0.35em 0.8em;
+  margin: 0.3em 0.5em;
+  border: 1px solid var(--rule);
+  border-radius: 10px;
+  background: var(--ground);
+  line-height: 1.35;
+}
+
+.boxes > div.us {
+  border-color: var(--accent);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 18px rgba(var(--accent-rgb), 0.35);
+  color: var(--ink-strong);
+}
+
+.boxes > div.ok {
+  border-color: #1a8a4f;
+}
+
+.boxes > div.bad {
+  border-color: #d64545;
+}
+
+/* ---- BGP bytes, matching the four groups of the /statusz bytes view ---------- */
+
+.reveal pre.bytes {
+  font-size: 0.5em;
+  line-height: 1.9;
+  white-space: pre-wrap;
+  word-break: break-all;
+  background: var(--code-ground);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  padding: 15px 20px;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+  color: var(--code-ink);
+}
+
+.bytes span,
+.legend span {
+  border-radius: 3px;
+  padding: 1px 3px;
+  color: var(--code-ink); /* the fills are dark on any ground */
+}
+
+.bytes .hh,
+.legend .hh { background: #34406e; }
+.bytes .hl,
+.legend .hl { background: #6e3440; }
+.bytes .ha,
+.legend .ha { background: #245c3a; }
+.bytes .ha2 { background: #2f7a4b; }
+.bytes .hn,
+.legend .hn { background: #6b5a1f; }
+
+.legend {
+  font-size: 50%;
+  font-family: var(--r-code-font);
+}
+
+.legend span {
+  padding: 1px 0.6em;
+  margin: 0 0.2em;
+}
+
+/* ---- live DNS and RIPE database lookups ------------------------------------ */
+
+.reveal form.dns-lookup,
+.reveal form.ripe-lookup {
+  margin: 0.4em auto 0;
+  max-width: 34em;
+  text-align: left;
+  font-family: var(--r-code-font);
+}
+
+.reveal .dns-lookup input,
+.reveal .ripe-lookup input {
+  width: 62%;
+  padding: 0.3em 0.5em;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-size: 0.8em;
+  color: var(--r-main-color);
+  background: var(--panel);
+  border: 1px solid var(--rule);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  outline: none;
+}
+
+.reveal .dns-lookup input:focus,
+.reveal .ripe-lookup input:focus {
+  border-color: var(--accent);
+}
+
+.reveal .dns-lookup button,
+.reveal .ripe-lookup button {
+  margin-left: 0.4em;
+  padding: 0.3em 0.9em;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-size: 0.8em;
+  color: #fff;
+  background: var(--accent);
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.reveal .dns-result {
+  min-height: 3.2em;
+  max-height: 13em;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  scrollbar-width: thin;
+  scrollbar-color: var(--rule) transparent;
+  margin-top: 0.5em;
+  padding: 0.5em 0.7em;
+  font-size: 0.7em;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+  white-space: pre-wrap;
+  word-break: break-all;
+  background: var(--panel);
+  border: 1px solid var(--rule);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+}
+
+.reveal .dns-result .ttl,
+.reveal .dns-result .type,
+.reveal .dns-result .dim { color: var(--muted); }
+.reveal .dns-result .addr { color: var(--accent); font-weight: 500; }
+.reveal .dns-result .bad { color: #c62828; }
+
+/* RIPE database objects, laid out like apps.db.ripe.net: a light page with
+   one card per object, one row per attribute, references in blue, rows the
+   RIPE NCC manages shaded. */
+.reveal .ripe-result {
+  /* A fixed height, not a maximum: the box must not grow when the answer
+     arrives, or the slide overflows (reveal centres a slide only when it
+     is shown). */
+  height: 13.5em;
+  margin-top: 0.5em;
+  padding: 0.5em;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  scrollbar-width: thin;
+  font-size: 0.62em;
+  text-align: left;
+  background: #f4f5f7;
+  border-radius: 6px;
+}
+
+.reveal .ripe-card {
+  margin-bottom: 0.7em;
+  padding: 0.2em 0.5em;
+  background: #fff;
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.18);
+}
+
+.reveal .ripe-card:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }
+
+.reveal .ripe-card table {
+  width: 100%;
+  margin: 0;
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+  font-family: var(--r-code-font);
+  font-size: inherit;
+  color: #1c1c28;
+}
+
+.reveal .ripe-card th,
+.reveal .ripe-card td {
+  padding: 0.28em 0.6em;
+  border: 0;
+  font-weight: normal;
+  text-align: left;
+  vertical-align: top;
+  background: transparent;
+  line-height: 1.4;
+}
+
+.reveal .ripe-card table th {
+  width: 8.5em;
+  color: #1c1c28;
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  text-decoration: underline dotted #9a9aa6;
+  text-underline-offset: 0.2em;
+}
+
+.reveal .ripe-card td { word-break: break-all; }
+.reveal .ripe-card tr.managed th,
+.reveal .ripe-card tr.managed td { background: #dde5f0; }
+.reveal .ripe-card .ref { color: #2f6fe4; }
+.reveal .ripe-card .comment { margin-left: 0.4em; color: #6b6b78; }
+
+.reveal .ripe-msg {
+  padding: 0.6em;
+  font-family: var(--r-code-font);
+  color: #1c1c28;
+}
+
+/* A framed live page on a slide. */
+.reveal iframe.live {
+  border: 1px solid var(--rule);
+  border-radius: 8px;
+  background: #fff;
+}
+
+/* ---- bytes with one part in focus: everything not .on is dimmed --------------- */
+
+.bytes.focus span:not(.on) {
+  opacity: 0.22;
+}
+
+.bytes.focus span.on {
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(var(--accent-rgb), 0.9);
+}
+
+/* Packet layouts: field boxes in the colours of the bytes view. */
+.diagram .pkt rect { stroke: none; }
+.diagram .pkt.hh rect { fill: #34406e; }
+.diagram .pkt.hl rect { fill: #6e3440; }
+.diagram .pkt.ha rect { fill: #245c3a; }
+.diagram .pkt.ha2 rect { fill: #2f7a4b; }
+.diagram .pkt.hn rect { fill: #6b5a1f; }
+.diagram text.pkt-name { font-size: 18px; font-weight: 500; fill: #fff; }
+.diagram text.pkt-size { font-size: 13px; font-family: "IBM Plex Mono", monospace; fill: #fff; opacity: 0.8; }
+.diagram text.pkt-title { paint-order: stroke; stroke: var(--panel); stroke-width: 8px; stroke-linejoin: round; }
+.diagram .pkt-expand { stroke: var(--muted); stroke-width: 1.5; stroke-dasharray: 4 5; fill: none; }
+
+/* ---- byte walk: a hex dump and one row per field, in step on hover --------- */
+
+.reveal .bytewalk { text-align: left; }
+.reveal .bytewalk .bw-dump { margin-bottom: 8px; }
+/* The lit bytes invert: a white block on the dark dump, visible from the back row. */
+.reveal .bw-dump span.on { background: #fff; color: var(--code-ground); box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px var(--accent); }
+
+.reveal .bw-rows {
+  position: relative; /* rows measure their offsetTop against the box */
+  height: 19em;
+  overflow-y: auto;
+  scrollbar-width: thin;
+  font-size: 46%;
+  line-height: 1.45;
+  border: 1px solid var(--rule);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  background: rgba(var(--accent-rgb), 0.04);
+}
+
+.reveal .bw-group {
+  padding: 0.45em 0.8em 0.2em;
+  color: var(--accent);
+  font-weight: 700;
+}
+
+.reveal .bw-row {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 11em 12em 1fr;
+  gap: 0 1em;
+  padding: 0.18em 0.8em;
+  cursor: default;
+  outline: none;
+}
+
+.reveal .bw-row:hover,
+.reveal .bw-row:focus,
+.reveal .bw-row.on { background: rgba(var(--accent-rgb), 0.14); }
+.reveal .bw-dump span[data-i] { cursor: pointer; }
+.reveal .bw-row code.hh { background: rgba(52, 64, 110, 0.16); }
+.reveal .bw-row code.hl { background: rgba(110, 52, 64, 0.16); }
+.reveal .bw-row code.ha { background: rgba(36, 92, 58, 0.16); }
+.reveal .bw-row code.ha2 { background: rgba(47, 122, 75, 0.16); }
+.reveal .bw-row code.hn { background: rgba(107, 90, 31, 0.16); }
+.reveal .bw-row code { display: block; color: var(--ink-strong); min-width: 0; max-width: 100%; justify-self: start; align-self: start; font-family: var(--r-code-font); border-radius: 3px; padding: 0 4px; white-space: normal; word-break: normal; }
+.reveal .bw-row b { color: var(--ink-strong); font-weight: 500; }
+.reveal .bw-row span { color: var(--ink); }
+
+/* Small two-column explanation under a bytes block. */
+.reveal table.decode {
+  font-size: 58%;
+  margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+.reveal table.decode td:first-child {
+  font-family: var(--r-code-font);
+  color: var(--accent-soft);
+  white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+/* ---- prefix explorer: type a prefix, see its range ------------------------ */
+
+.reveal form.prefix-explorer {
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  max-width: 36em;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+
+.reveal .prefix-explorer input[name="prefix"] {
+  width: 15em;
+  padding: 0.25em 0.5em;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-family: var(--r-code-font);
+  font-size: 0.8em;
+  color: var(--r-main-color);
+  background: var(--panel);
+  border: 1px solid var(--rule);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  outline: none;
+  text-align: center;
+}
+
+.reveal .prefix-explorer input[name="prefix"]:focus { border-color: var(--accent); }
+
+.reveal .prefix-explorer input[name="len"] {
+  width: 12em;
+  margin-left: 1em;
+  vertical-align: middle;
+  accent-color: var(--accent);
+}
+
+.reveal .prefix-explorer .px-bits { margin: 0.5em 0 0.4em; min-height: 1.6em; white-space: nowrap; }
+.reveal .prefix-explorer .px-bad { color: #c62828; font-size: 70%; }
+
+.reveal .px-range { font-family: var(--r-code-font); font-size: 50%; min-height: 10.5em; }
+
+.reveal .px-levels { text-align: left; margin-bottom: 1em; }
+.reveal .px-levels-title { color: var(--muted); margin-bottom: 0.35em; }
+.reveal .px-level { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0.7em; margin-bottom: 0.3em; }
+.reveal .px-level-name { width: 13em; text-align: right; color: var(--accent-soft); white-space: nowrap; }
+.reveal .px-level-count { width: 8em; color: var(--muted); white-space: nowrap; }
+.reveal .px-track { flex: 1; position: relative; height: 0.9em; background: var(--ground); border: 1px solid var(--rule); border-radius: 2px; }
+.reveal .px-track i { position: absolute; top: 0; bottom: 0; min-width: 2px; background: var(--accent); }
+
+.reveal .px-bar {
+  position: relative;
+  height: 2.6em;
+  background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(var(--accent-rgb), 0.45), rgba(var(--accent-rgb), 0.12));
+  border: 1px solid var(--accent);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+}
+.reveal .px-bar .px-mid {
+  position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0; top: 0.6em;
+  text-align: center; color: var(--ink-strong); font-weight: 500;
+}
+.reveal .px-bar .px-end { position: absolute; top: 3em; color: var(--accent-soft); }
+.reveal .px-bar .px-first { left: 0; }
+.reveal .px-bar .px-last { right: 0; }
+
+.reveal .prefix-explorer .px-facts { margin-top: 2.6em; }
+
+/* ---- bits of an address: fixed part vs. free part ------------------------------ */
+
+.bits {
+  font-family: var(--r-code-font);
+  font-size: 80%;
+  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
+}
+
+.bits .fixed {
+  color: #fff;
+  background: var(--accent);
+  border-radius: 4px 0 0 4px;
+  padding: 2px 6px;
+}
+
+.bits .part {
+  color: var(--accent-soft);
+  background: var(--ground);
+  border: 1px solid var(--accent);
+  padding: 1px 4px;
+  margin: 0 2px;
+  font-size: 85%;
+  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
+}
+
+.bits .part::before { content: "₂"; color: var(--muted); letter-spacing: 0; margin-right: 2px; }
+
+.bits .part i { font-style: normal; color: var(--muted); }
+
+.bits .free {
+  color: var(--ink);
+  background: var(--ground);
+  border: 1px solid var(--rule);
+  border-left: none;
+  border-radius: 0 4px 4px 0;
+  padding: 1px 6px;
+}
+
+/* ---- diagrams: inline SVG drawn with the theme's colours ------------------------ */
+
+.reveal svg.diagram {
+  width: 100%;
+  height: auto;
+  max-height: 470px;
+  display: block;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+}
+
+.diagram rect,
+.diagram ellipse {
+  fill: var(--ground);
+  stroke: var(--rule);
+  stroke-width: 2;
+}
+
+.diagram .hot rect {
+  stroke: var(--accent);
+}
+
+.diagram .fabric rect {
+  fill: rgba(var(--accent-rgb), 0.18);
+  stroke: var(--accent);
+}
+
+.diagram text {
+  fill: var(--ink);
+  font-family: "IBM Plex Sans", sans-serif;
+  font-size: 19px;
+  text-anchor: middle;
+}
+
+.diagram text.small {
+  font-size: 14px;
+  fill: var(--muted);
+  font-family: "IBM Plex Mono", monospace;
+}
+
+.diagram text.accent {
+  fill: var(--accent);
+}
+
+.diagram .link {
+  stroke: var(--muted);
+  stroke-width: 2.5;
+  fill: none;
+}
+
+.diagram .bgp {
+  stroke: var(--accent);
+  stroke-width: 2.5;
+  stroke-dasharray: 7 6;
+  fill: none;
+}
+
+/* Nested address ranges: each level a little brighter than the one around it. */
+.diagram .nest rect {
+  stroke: var(--accent);
+  rx: 14;
+}
+.diagram .nest.l0 rect { fill: rgba(var(--accent-rgb), 0.04); stroke-opacity: 0.35; }
+.diagram .nest.l1 rect { fill: rgba(var(--accent-rgb), 0.09); stroke-opacity: 0.55; }
+.diagram .nest.l2 rect { fill: rgba(var(--accent-rgb), 0.16); stroke-opacity: 0.8; }
+.diagram .nest.l3 rect { fill: rgba(var(--accent-rgb), 0.28); stroke-opacity: 1; }
+.diagram text.left { text-anchor: start; }
+.diagram text.mono { font-family: "IBM Plex Mono", monospace; }
+.diagram .nest-label { font-family: "IBM Plex Mono", monospace; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 500; }
+.diagram .nest-desc { font-size: 17px; fill: var(--ink); opacity: 0.85; }
+.diagram text.host-addr { font-size: 15px; fill: var(--accent-soft); font-family: "IBM Plex Mono", monospace; }
+.diagram .host { fill: var(--accent-soft); stroke: none; }
+
+.diagram .traffic {
+  stroke: #1a8a4f;
+  stroke-width: 4;
+  fill: none;
+}

slides/theme.css

@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+/*
+ * The look of the deck. Structure borrowed from Matt Godbolt's newer talks
+ * (hrt-theme.css in github.com/mattgodbolt/what-happens-beneath-accu-2026):
+ * every slide on a rounded panel, IBM Plex Sans with thin h1 and bold accent
+ * h2, IBM Plex Mono code, accent-coloured list markers, links and progress
+ * bar, glowing highlighted code lines.
+ *
+ * Made our own: a light palette (his is near-black; change it in :root
+ * below), and his "thread" corner motif becomes a chain of nodes and links,
+ * an AS path. Code blocks and byte dumps stay dark on the light page so the
+ * monokai colours and the byte palette keep working.
+ *
+ * Try accents without editing:  index.html?accent=green  (blue, green,
+ * amber, magenta). Make one permanent by copying its values into :root.
+ */
+@import url("https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Sans:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,700;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;1,400&display=swap");
+
+:root {
+  --ground: #e9edf5; /* behind the panels */
+  --panel: #ffffff; /* the slide itself */
+  --panel-edge: rgba(31, 111, 235, 0.22);
+  --ink: #1f2333; /* body text */
+  --ink-strong: #0b0d17; /* h1, h3 */
+  --muted: #6b7088; /* h4, captions */
+  --rule: #c3c8d8; /* table rules, borders */
+  --accent: #1f6feb; /* h2, markers, links, motif */
+  --accent-soft: #0b4ea2; /* inline code, emphasis */
+  --accent-rgb: 31, 111, 235;
+  /* Code blocks and byte dumps keep a dark ground of their own. */
+  --code-ground: #1b1e33;
+  --code-ink: #eceff9;
+  --r-code-font: "IBM Plex Mono", "SF Mono", Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
+  --r-heading-text-shadow: none;
+}
+
+:root[data-accent="green"] {
+  --accent: #1a8a4f;
+  --accent-soft: #0f6238;
+  --accent-rgb: 26, 138, 79;
+  --panel-edge: rgba(26, 138, 79, 0.22);
+}
+
+:root[data-accent="amber"] {
+  --accent: #b86e00;
+  --accent-soft: #7a4a00;
+  --accent-rgb: 184, 110, 0;
+  --panel-edge: rgba(184, 110, 0, 0.22);
+}
+
+:root[data-accent="magenta"] {
+  --accent: #c2277f;
+  --accent-soft: #8a1a5a;
+  --accent-rgb: 194, 39, 127;
+  --panel-edge: rgba(194, 39, 127, 0.22);
+}
+
+/* ---- ground and panels ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+.reveal-viewport {
+  background: var(--ground);
+}
+
+.reveal {
+  font-family: "IBM Plex Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;
+  font-size: 40px;
+  font-weight: 400;
+  color: var(--ink);
+}
+
+.reveal .slides section:not(.stack):not(.title-slide):not(.bare) {
+  background-color: var(--panel);
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  box-shadow: 0 4px 30px rgba(20, 30, 60, 0.1);
+  border: 1px solid var(--panel-edge);
+  padding: 1em 0.8em;
+  box-sizing: border-box;
+}
+
+/* ---- type ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+.reveal h1,
+.reveal h2,
+.reveal h3,
+.reveal h4 {
+  font-family: inherit;
+  text-transform: none;
+  text-shadow: none;
+  margin: 0 0 20px 0;
+  line-height: 1.25;
+}
+
+.reveal h1 {
+  font-weight: 300;
+  color: var(--ink-strong);
+  font-size: 2.2em;
+  line-height: 1.15;
+}
+
+.reveal h2 {
+  font-weight: 700;
+  color: var(--accent);
+  font-size: 1.5em;
+}
+
+.reveal h3 {
+  font-weight: 500;
+  color: var(--ink-strong);
+  font-size: 1.2em;
+}
+
+.reveal h4 {
+  font-weight: 500;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+.reveal p {
+  margin: 20px 0;
+  line-height: 1.5;
+}
+
+.reveal strong,
+.reveal b {
+  font-weight: 700;
+  color: var(--ink-strong);
+}
+
+.reveal em {
+  font-style: italic;
+  color: var(--accent-soft);
+}
+
+.reveal a {
+  color: var(--accent);
+  text-decoration: none;
+  transition: color 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+.reveal a:hover {
+  color: var(--accent-soft);
+}
+
+.reveal ul,
+.reveal ol {
+  display: inline-block;
+  text-align: left;
+  margin: 0 0 0 1em;
+}
+
+.reveal ul {
+  list-style-type: square;
+}
+
+.reveal ul li,
+.reveal ol li {
+  margin-bottom: 0.4em;
+}
+
+.reveal li::marker {
+  color: var(--accent);
+}
+
+.reveal blockquote {
+  background: var(--ground);
+  border-left: 4px solid var(--accent);
+  padding: 20px 30px;
+  font-style: italic;
+  width: 85%;
+  margin: 20px auto;
+  text-align: left;
+}
+
+.reveal img,
+.reveal video,
+.reveal iframe {
+  max-width: 95%;
+  max-height: 95%;
+}
+
+.reveal kbd {
+  font-family: var(--r-code-font);
+  font-size: 80%;
+  border: 1px solid var(--rule);
+  border-bottom-width: 3px;
+  border-radius: 5px;
+  padding: 0 0.35em;
+}
+
+/* ---- code ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+.reveal pre {
+  width: 100%;
+  margin: 20px auto;
+  box-shadow: none;
+  text-align: left;
+  position: relative;
+  font-size: 0.55em;
+  line-height: 1.4;
+}
+
+.reveal code {
+  font-family: var(--r-code-font);
+  color: var(--accent-soft);
+}
+
+.reveal :not(pre) > code {
+  white-space: nowrap;
+  font-size: 92%;
+}
+
+.reveal pre code {
+  display: block;
+  color: var(--code-ink);
+  background: var(--code-ground);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  padding: 15px 20px;
+  max-height: 560px;
+  overflow: auto;
+}
+
+/* The lines being talked about glow; the rest dim (reveal handles the dim). */
+.reveal .hljs.has-highlights tr.highlight-line {
+  text-shadow:
+    0 0 6px currentColor,
+    0 0 12px currentColor;
+  transition: text-shadow 0.4s ease;
+}
+
+/* ---- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+.reveal table {
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+  border-spacing: 0;
+  margin: 20px auto;
+  font-size: 75%;
+}
+
+.reveal table th {
+  font-weight: 700;
+  color: var(--ink-strong);
+}
+
+.reveal table th,
+.reveal table td {
+  text-align: left;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);
+  padding: 0.25em 0.6em;
+}
+
+.reveal table tr:last-child td {
+  border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+/* ---- reveal chrome ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+.reveal .controls {
+  color: var(--accent);
+  bottom: 40px;
+}
+
+.reveal .progress {
+  background: var(--panel);
+  height: 4px;
+}
+
+.reveal .progress span {
+  background: var(--accent);
+  transition: width 800ms cubic-bezier(0.26, 0.86, 0.44, 0.985);
+}
+
+.reveal .slide-number {
+  color: #fff;
+  font-family: var(--r-code-font);
+  font-size: 18px;
+  font-weight: 500;
+  background: rgba(var(--accent-rgb), 0.9);
+  padding: 3px 9px;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+  right: 16px;
+  bottom: 16px;
+}
+
+::selection {
+  color: #fff;
+  background: var(--accent);
+}
+
+/* ---- the path motif ---------------------------------------------------------
+ * Matt's decks carry a ring with a line running off the edge. Ours is a short
+ * AS path: nodes joined by links, heading off the top-right corner, mirrored
+ * running up from the bottom-left. Drawn in the accent colour via a mask, so
+ * it follows --accent. Hidden on the title slide and on "bare" slides.
+ */
+.reveal::before,
+.reveal-viewport::before {
+  content: "";
+  position: fixed;
+  background: var(--accent);
+  z-index: 0;
+  pointer-events: none;
+  opacity: 0.9;
+}
+
+.reveal::before {
+  top: 26px;
+  right: 0;
+  width: 38vw;
+  height: 22px;
+  -webkit-mask:
+    url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 190 22'><g fill='none' stroke='black' stroke-width='3'><circle cx='11' cy='11' r='8'/><line x1='19' y1='11' x2='67' y2='11'/><circle cx='75' cy='11' r='8'/><line x1='83' y1='11' x2='131' y2='11'/><circle cx='139' cy='11' r='8'/><line x1='147' y1='11' x2='190' y2='11'/></g></svg>")
+      left center / 190px 22px no-repeat,
+    linear-gradient(black, black) 189px center / calc(100% - 189px) 3px no-repeat;
+  mask:
+    url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 190 22'><g fill='none' stroke='black' stroke-width='3'><circle cx='11' cy='11' r='8'/><line x1='19' y1='11' x2='67' y2='11'/><circle cx='75' cy='11' r='8'/><line x1='83' y1='11' x2='131' y2='11'/><circle cx='139' cy='11' r='8'/><line x1='147' y1='11' x2='190' y2='11'/></g></svg>")
+      left center / 190px 22px no-repeat,
+    linear-gradient(black, black) 189px center / calc(100% - 189px) 3px no-repeat;
+}
+
+.reveal-viewport::before {
+  bottom: 64px;
+  left: 40px;
+  width: 22px;
+  height: 36vh;
+  -webkit-mask:
+    url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 22 126'><g fill='none' stroke='black' stroke-width='3'><circle cx='11' cy='115' r='8'/><line x1='11' y1='107' x2='11' y2='59'/><circle cx='11' cy='51' r='8'/><line x1='11' y1='43' x2='11' y2='0'/></g></svg>")
+      center bottom / 22px 126px no-repeat,
+    linear-gradient(black, black) center top / 3px calc(100% - 125px) no-repeat;
+  mask:
+    url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 22 126'><g fill='none' stroke='black' stroke-width='3'><circle cx='11' cy='115' r='8'/><line x1='11' y1='107' x2='11' y2='59'/><circle cx='11' cy='51' r='8'/><line x1='11' y1='43' x2='11' y2='0'/></g></svg>")
+      center bottom / 22px 126px no-repeat,
+    linear-gradient(black, black) center top / 3px calc(100% - 125px) no-repeat;
+}
+
+.reveal:has(> .slides > section.title-slide.present)::before,
+.reveal:has(> .slides section.bare.present)::before {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+.reveal-viewport:has(.reveal > .slides > section.title-slide.present)::before,
+.reveal-viewport:has(.reveal > .slides section.bare.present)::before {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+.reveal:has(section.title-slide.present) .controls {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+
+/* ---- wordmark, where his logo sits ------------------------------------------ */
+
+.wordmark {
+  position: fixed;
+  left: 22px;
+  bottom: 18px;
+  z-index: 10;
+  font-family: var(--r-code-font);
+  font-size: 15px;
+  letter-spacing: 0.04em;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  pointer-events: none;
+}
+
+.wordmark b {
+  color: var(--accent);
+  font-weight: 500;
+}
+
+.reveal:has(section.title-slide.present) ~ .wordmark,
+.reveal:has(section.bare.present) ~ .wordmark {
+  display: none;
+}
+
+/* ---- title slide -------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+.reveal section.title-slide {
+  text-align: left;
+  padding: 0 1.5em;
+}
+
+.reveal section.title-slide h1 {
+  font-size: 2.6em;
+  margin-bottom: 0.15em;
+}
+
+.reveal section.title-slide h3 {
+  font-weight: 400;
+  color: var(--accent);
+  margin-bottom: 2.2em;
+}
+
+.reveal section.title-slide .byline {
+  font-size: 60%;
+  color: var(--muted);
+  margin: 0;
+}
+
+/* ---- shown by index.html when the deck cannot start --------------------------- */
+
+#deck-help {
+  position: fixed;
+  inset: 0;
+  z-index: 100;
+  padding: 8vh 10vw;
+  background: var(--ground);
+  color: var(--ink);
+  font: 20px/1.5 "IBM Plex Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;
+}
+
+#deck-help h2 {
+  color: var(--accent);
+  font-weight: 700;
+}
+
+#deck-help pre,
+#deck-help code {
+  font-family: var(--r-code-font);
+  color: var(--accent-soft);
+}
+
+#deck-help pre {
+  background: var(--panel);
+  padding: 12px 16px;
+  border-radius: 6px;
+}
+
+/* ---- print ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+html.print-pdf .wordmark,
+html.reveal-print .wordmark {
+  display: none;
+}

slides/vendor-reveal.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+# Copies reveal.js into ./reveal.js so the deck works with no network.
+# index.html uses this copy when it exists and the CDN otherwise. Keep VERSION
+# in step with the one in index.html.
+set -eu
+VERSION=6.0.2
+cd "$(dirname "$0")"
+tmp=$(mktemp -d)
+trap 'rm -rf "$tmp"' EXIT
+npm pack "reveal.js@$VERSION" --pack-destination "$tmp" --silent >/dev/null 2>&1
+tar -xzf "$tmp/reveal.js-$VERSION.tgz" -C "$tmp"
+rm -rf reveal.js
+mkdir -p reveal.js
+cp -R "$tmp/package/dist" reveal.js/dist
+cp "$tmp/package/LICENSE" reveal.js/LICENSE
+echo "reveal.js $VERSION vendored into $(pwd)/reveal.js ($(du -sh reveal.js | cut -f1))"

testdata/server.textpb

@@ -5,6 +5,25 @@ listen_endpoints {
     port: 179
 }
 listen_endpoints {
-    address: "[::1]"
+    address: "::1"
     port: 179
 }
+peers {
+    name: "lab-r1"
+    endpoint { address: "127.0.0.1" port: 1791 }
+    remote_asn: 65001
+    hold_time_seconds: 30
+}
+connect_retry_seconds: 5
+# Let a restarted peer replace a stale Established session immediately
+# (RFC 4271 CollisionDetectEstablishedState). Default false.
+collision_detect_established_state: false
+local_route_policy {
+    allowed_prefixes: "10.100.0.0/16"
+    allowed_prefixes: "2001:db8:100::/48"
+    max_routes_per_owner: 4
+}
+http_endpoint {
+    address: "127.0.0.1"
+    port: 8080
+}

tools/loadtest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Load test for the ferrix_bgp web API: N students announce at the same moment.
+
+Each simulated student owns one prefix (student n gets the n-th /48, numbered
+in hex like the lab's route6 objects) and announces it under its own owner
+name. All students are released together by a barrier, so the announcements
+really are concurrent. The script then checks that the daemon did the right
+thing, not merely that it answered:
+
+  1. every announcement was accepted, with latency percentiles
+  2. the local table holds exactly these routes, under the right owners
+  3. every route was turned into an UPDATE for each established session
+  4. the event stream delivered one "announced" event per route, none lost
+  5. ownership holds under load: nobody could replace another's prefix
+  6. concurrent withdrawal leaves nothing behind
+  7. the daemon's own counters show the matching number of BGP UPDATEs sent,
+     for the announcements and again for the withdrawals
+
+SAFETY. Pointed at a router that peers with the real Internet, this announces
+real prefixes. By default every route therefore carries the large community
+210036:0:0 ("announce nowhere"), so the production router accepts the routes
+but exports them to nobody, and the script withdraws everything it announced
+even when it fails half-way. Pass --announce-for-real only if you mean it.
+
+Standard library only. Examples:
+
+  tools/loadtest.py 128
+  tools/loadtest.py 128 --url https://lab.example.net --user student
+  tools/loadtest.py 64 --rounds 5 --keep
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import base64
+import getpass
+import json
+import os
+import ssl
+import statistics
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
+
+QUIET_COMMUNITY = "210036:0:0"
+OWNER_PREFIX = "loadtest-"
+
+
+class Api:
+    def __init__(self, base, user=None, password=None, insecure=False, timeout=15):
+        self.base = base.rstrip("/")
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.headers = {"content-type": "application/json"}
+        if user:
+            token = base64.b64encode(f"{user}:{password}".encode()).decode()
+            self.headers["authorization"] = f"Basic {token}"
+        self.ctx = ssl._create_unverified_context() if insecure else None
+
+    def call(self, method, path, body=None):
+        """Returns (status, parsed JSON or text, seconds)."""
+        data = json.dumps(body).encode() if body is not None else None
+        req = urllib.request.Request(self.base + path, data=data, method=method, headers=self.headers)
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        try:
+            with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=self.timeout, context=self.ctx) as resp:
+                status, raw = resp.status, resp.read()
+        except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
+            status, raw = e.code, e.read()
+        except Exception as e:  # connection refused, timeout, TLS failure, ...
+            return 0, f"{type(e).__name__}: {e}", time.perf_counter() - start
+        elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
+        try:
+            return status, json.loads(raw) if raw else None, elapsed
+        except ValueError:
+            return status, raw.decode(errors="replace"), elapsed
+
+    def open_stream(self, path):
+        req = urllib.request.Request(self.base + path, headers={**self.headers, "accept": "text/event-stream"})
+        return urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=self.timeout, context=self.ctx)
+
+
+def updates_sent(api):
+    """BGP UPDATE messages the daemon has sent so far, from /metricz; None if unavailable."""
+    status, text, _ = api.call("GET", "/metricz")
+    if status != 200 or not isinstance(text, str):
+        return None
+    for line in text.splitlines():
+        if line.startswith('bgp_messages_sent_total{type="update"}'):
+            return int(float(line.rsplit(" ", 1)[1]))
+    return 0  # the counter has no sample until the first UPDATE
+
+
+def established(api):
+    status, peers, _ = api.call("GET", "/api/peers")
+    return [p for p in peers if p.get("state") == "Established"] if status == 200 else []
+
+
+def check_wire(api, report, before, routes, sessions_before, what):
+    """The advertiser works asynchronously, so give the counter a moment to settle."""
+    if before is None:
+        print(f"  [skip] /metricz unavailable, cannot count UPDATEs for the {what}")
+        return
+    expected = routes * len(sessions_before)
+    deadline = time.time() + 5
+    while time.time() < deadline and (updates_sent(api) or 0) - before < expected:
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+    delta = (updates_sent(api) or 0) - before
+    if len(established(api)) != len(sessions_before):
+        print(f"  [skip] sessions changed during the test; {delta} UPDATEs sent for the {what}")
+    else:
+        report.check(delta == expected, f"{delta} BGP UPDATEs sent for the {what} "
+                     f"({routes} routes x {len(sessions_before)} session(s))", [f"expected {expected}"])
+
+
+class EventCounter(threading.Thread):
+    """Follows /api/events and records what it sees until stopped."""
+
+    def __init__(self, api):
+        super().__init__(daemon=True)
+        self.api, self.events, self.error = api, [], None
+        self.connected, self._stop = threading.Event(), threading.Event()
+
+    def run(self):
+        try:
+            stream = self.api.open_stream("/api/events")
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.error = f"{type(e).__name__}: {e}"
+            self.connected.set()
+            return
+        self.connected.set()
+        try:
+            for raw in stream:
+                if self._stop.is_set():
+                    break
+                line = raw.decode(errors="replace").strip()
+                if line.startswith("data:"):
+                    try:
+                        self.events.append(json.loads(line[5:]))
+                    except ValueError:
+                        pass
+        except Exception as e:
+            if not self._stop.is_set():
+                self.error = f"{type(e).__name__}: {e}"
+
+    def stop(self):
+        self._stop.set()
+
+
+def percentile(values, p):
+    ordered = sorted(values)
+    return ordered[min(len(ordered) - 1, int(round(p / 100 * (len(ordered) - 1))))]
+
+
+def latency_line(latencies):
+    if not latencies:
+        return "no samples"
+    ms = [v * 1000 for v in latencies]
+    return (f"min {min(ms):.0f} ms, median {statistics.median(ms):.0f} ms, "
+            f"p95 {percentile(ms, 95):.0f} ms, max {max(ms):.0f} ms")
+
+
+def run_concurrently(jobs, worker):
+    """Runs worker(job) for every job at the same instant; returns results in order."""
+    results = [None] * len(jobs)
+    barrier = threading.Barrier(len(jobs))
+
+    def target(i, job):
+        try:
+            barrier.wait(timeout=30)
+        except threading.BrokenBarrierError:
+            results[i] = (0, "barrier broken", 0.0)
+            return
+        results[i] = worker(job)
+
+    threads = [threading.Thread(target=target, args=(i, job)) for i, job in enumerate(jobs)]
+    wall = time.perf_counter()
+    for t in threads:
+        t.start()
+    for t in threads:
+        t.join()
+    return results, time.perf_counter() - wall
+
+
+class Report:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.failures = 0
+
+    def check(self, ok, text, detail=None):
+        print(f"  [{'ok' if ok else 'FAIL'}] {text}")
+        if not ok:
+            self.failures += 1
+            for line in (detail or [])[:8]:
+                print(f"         {line}")
+            if detail and len(detail) > 8:
+                print(f"         ... and {len(detail) - 8} more")
+        return ok
+
+
+def one_round(api, args, students, report, round_no):
+    body_for = lambda s: {
+        "prefix": s["prefix"], "owner": s["owner"],
+        "communities": args.community, "large_communities": s["large"],
+    }
+
+    events = EventCounter(api)
+    if not args.no_events:
+        events.start()
+        events.connected.wait(timeout=10)
+        time.sleep(0.3)  # let the subscription settle before the burst
+
+    # ---- 1. everybody announces at once -----------------------------------
+    print(f"\nRound {round_no}: {len(students)} students announce concurrently")
+    sent_before, sessions_before = updates_sent(api), established(api)
+    results, wall = run_concurrently(students, lambda s: api.call("POST", "/api/routes/local", body_for(s)))
+    accepted = [s for s, r in zip(students, results) if r[0] == 200]
+    rejected = [f"{s['owner']} {s['prefix']}: HTTP {r[0]} {str(r[1])[:160]}" for s, r in zip(students, results) if r[0] != 200]
+    report.check(not rejected, f"all {len(students)} announcements accepted in {wall:.2f} s "
+                 f"({len(students) / wall:.0f}/s)", rejected)
+    print(f"         latency: {latency_line([r[2] for r in results if r[0] == 200])}")
+    if not accepted:
+        print("  [skip] nothing was accepted, so there is nothing further to verify")
+        if not args.no_events:
+            events.stop()
+        return accepted
+
+    # ---- 2. the table holds exactly what was announced --------------------
+    status, table, _ = api.call("GET", "/api/routes/local")
+    table = table if status == 200 and isinstance(table, list) else []
+    by_prefix = {r["prefix"]: r for r in table}
+    missing = [f"{s['prefix']} missing" for s in accepted if s["prefix"] not in by_prefix]
+    wrong_owner = [f"{s['prefix']} owned by {by_prefix[s['prefix']]['owner']!r}, expected {s['owner']!r}"
+                   for s in accepted if s["prefix"] in by_prefix and by_prefix[s["prefix"]]["owner"] != s["owner"]]
+    wrong_attrs = [f"{s['prefix']} large communities {by_prefix[s['prefix']]['large_communities']}"
+                   for s in accepted if s["prefix"] in by_prefix
+                   and sorted(by_prefix[s["prefix"]]["large_communities"]) != sorted(s["large"])]
+    report.check(not (missing or wrong_owner or wrong_attrs),
+                 "local table holds every route with the right owner and communities",
+                 missing + wrong_owner + wrong_attrs)
+
+    # ---- 3. each route became an UPDATE on every session -------------------
+    up = established(api)
+    if not up:
+        print("  [skip] no established BGP session, so nothing was put on the wire")
+    else:
+        sample = accepted if len(accepted) <= 32 else accepted[:: max(1, len(accepted) // 32)]
+        bad = []
+        for s in sample:
+            code, wire, _ = api.call("GET", "/api/routes/local/wire?prefix=" + urllib.request.quote(s["prefix"], safe=""))
+            if code != 200 or not wire:
+                bad.append(f"{s['prefix']}: HTTP {code}, {len(wire) if isinstance(wire, list) else 0} session(s)")
+            elif not all(w["hex"].startswith("ff" * 16) for w in wire):
+                bad.append(f"{s['prefix']}: malformed UPDATE")
+        report.check(not bad, f"UPDATE built for {len(up)} established session(s) "
+                     f"(checked {len(sample)} of {len(accepted)} routes)", bad)
+        check_wire(api, report, sent_before, len(accepted), sessions_before, "announcements")
+
+    # ---- 4. the event stream lost nothing ----------------------------------
+    if not args.no_events:
+        deadline = time.time() + 5
+        want = {s["prefix"] for s in accepted}
+        seen = lambda: {e["route"]["prefix"] for e in events.events if e.get("type") == "local_announced"}
+        while time.time() < deadline and not want <= seen():
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+        lagged = [e for e in events.events if e.get("type") == "lagged"]
+        lost = sorted(want - seen())
+        detail = [f"no event for {p}" for p in lost] + [f"stream lagged: missed {e['missed']} on {e['stream']}" for e in lagged]
+        if events.error:
+            detail.insert(0, f"event stream: {events.error}")
+        report.check(not detail, f"event stream delivered all {len(want)} announcements", detail)
+
+    # ---- 5. ownership holds under load -------------------------------------
+    if len(accepted) >= 2 and not args.no_policy:
+        # Everyone tries, at once, to take over their neighbour's prefix.
+        thieves = [{**accepted[i], "prefix": accepted[(i + 1) % len(accepted)]["prefix"]} for i in range(len(accepted))]
+        results, _ = run_concurrently(thieves, lambda s: api.call("POST", "/api/routes/local", body_for(s)))
+        leaked = [f"{t['owner']} took {t['prefix']}: HTTP {r[0]}" for t, r in zip(thieves, results) if r[0] != 409]
+        status, table, _ = api.call("GET", "/api/routes/local")
+        owners = {r["prefix"]: r["owner"] for r in table} if status == 200 else {}
+        leaked += [f"{s['prefix']} now owned by {owners.get(s['prefix'])!r}" for s in accepted if owners.get(s["prefix"]) != s["owner"]]
+        report.check(not leaked, f"{len(thieves)} concurrent takeover attempts all refused (409), owners unchanged", leaked)
+
+    if not args.no_events:
+        events.stop()
+    return accepted
+
+
+def withdraw_all(api, students, report, verify=True):
+    if not students:
+        return
+    sent_before, sessions_before = (updates_sent(api), established(api)) if verify else (None, [])
+    results, wall = run_concurrently(
+        students, lambda s: api.call("DELETE", "/api/routes/local", {"prefix": s["prefix"], "owner": s["owner"]}))
+    failed = [f"{s['prefix']}: HTTP {r[0]} {r[1]}" for s, r in zip(students, results) if r[0] != 200]
+    if not verify:
+        return
+    report.check(not failed, f"all {len(students)} withdrawals accepted in {wall:.2f} s", failed)
+    status, table, _ = api.call("GET", "/api/routes/local")
+    left = [r["prefix"] for r in table if r["owner"].startswith(OWNER_PREFIX)] if status == 200 else ["(could not read table)"]
+    report.check(not left, "nothing left behind by the load test", left)
+    if sessions_before:
+        check_wire(api, report, sent_before, len(students) - len(failed), sessions_before, "withdrawals")
+
+
+def main():
+    ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__, formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
+    ap.add_argument("students", type=int, help="number of simulated students")
+    ap.add_argument("--url", default="http://127.0.0.1:8080", help="base URL of the status page (default %(default)s)")
+    ap.add_argument("--user", help="HTTP basic auth user; the password is read from $FERRIX_PASSWORD or prompted for")
+    ap.add_argument("--insecure", action="store_true", help="do not verify the TLS certificate")
+    ap.add_argument("--prefix-template", default="2a0d:d741:{n:x}::/48",
+                    help="prefix of student n, a Python format string (default %(default)s)")
+    ap.add_argument("--first", type=int, default=1, help="number of the first student (default 1)")
+    ap.add_argument("--rounds", type=int, default=1, help="repeat announce/verify/withdraw this many times")
+    ap.add_argument("--community", action="append", default=[], help="standard community to attach (repeatable)")
+    ap.add_argument("--large-community", action="append", default=[], help="extra large community to attach (repeatable)")
+    ap.add_argument("--announce-for-real", action="store_true",
+                    help=f"do NOT add {QUIET_COMMUNITY}; routes may be exported to the Internet")
+    ap.add_argument("--keep", action="store_true", help="leave the routes announced at the end")
+    ap.add_argument("--no-events", action="store_true", help="skip the event stream check")
+    ap.add_argument("--no-policy", action="store_true", help="skip the concurrent takeover check")
+    args = ap.parse_args()
+    if args.students < 1:
+        ap.error("need at least one student")
+
+    password = None
+    if args.user:
+        password = os.environ.get("FERRIX_PASSWORD") or getpass.getpass(f"Password for {args.user}: ")
+    api = Api(args.url, args.user, password, args.insecure)
+
+    large = list(args.large_community)
+    if not args.announce_for_real and QUIET_COMMUNITY not in large:
+        large.insert(0, QUIET_COMMUNITY)
+    students = [{"owner": f"{OWNER_PREFIX}{n}", "prefix": args.prefix_template.format(n=n), "large": large}
+                for n in range(args.first, args.first + args.students)]
+
+    # ---- preflight ----------------------------------------------------------
+    status, info, _ = api.call("GET", "/api/status")
+    if status == 401:
+        sys.exit(f"{args.url} wants a password: HTTP 401. Pass --user, and check the password.")
+    if status != 200:
+        sys.exit(f"Cannot reach {args.url}/api/status: HTTP {status} {str(info)[:200]}")
+    print(f"Target: {args.url}  router-id {info['router_id']}  AS{info['local_asn']}  version {info['version']}  "
+          f"on {info.get('hostname', '?')}")
+    print(f"        {info['sessions']} established session(s), {info['local_routes']} local route(s) already present")
+    print(f"Prefixes {students[0]['prefix']} .. {students[-1]['prefix']}, large communities {large or 'none'}")
+    if args.announce_for_real:
+        print("WARNING: --announce-for-real: these routes may be exported to the Internet.")
+
+    status, table, _ = api.call("GET", "/api/routes/local")
+    stale = [r for r in table if r["owner"].startswith(OWNER_PREFIX)] if status == 200 else []
+    if stale:
+        print(f"Removing {len(stale)} route(s) left over from an earlier load test")
+        withdraw_all(api, [{"owner": r["owner"], "prefix": r["prefix"]} for r in stale], Report(), verify=False)
+    taken = {r["prefix"]: r["owner"] for r in table if not r["owner"].startswith(OWNER_PREFIX)} if status == 200 else {}
+    clash = [s for s in students if s["prefix"] in taken]
+    if clash:
+        print(f"Skipping {len(clash)} prefix(es) currently announced by real owners: "
+              + ", ".join(f"{s['prefix']} ({taken[s['prefix']]})" for s in clash[:5]) + (" ..." if len(clash) > 5 else ""))
+        students = [s for s in students if s["prefix"] not in taken]
+    if not students:
+        sys.exit("Nothing left to test.")
+
+    report, announced = Report(), []
+    try:
+        for round_no in range(1, args.rounds + 1):
+            announced = one_round(api, args, students, report, round_no)
+            if round_no < args.rounds or not args.keep:
+                withdraw_all(api, announced, report)
+                announced = []
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("\nInterrupted.")
+        report.failures += 1
+    finally:
+        if announced and not args.keep:
+            withdraw_all(api, announced, Report(), verify=False)
+
+    status, info, _ = api.call("GET", "/api/status")
+    if status == 200:
+        print(f"\nAfterwards: {info['sessions']} established session(s), {info['local_routes']} local route(s)")
+    print("RESULT: " + ("PASS" if report.failures == 0 else f"FAIL ({report.failures} check(s) failed)"))
+    sys.exit(0 if report.failures == 0 else 1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()